The value of time‐series data for conservation planning

Abstract

Protected areas (PAs) are increasingly being used world‐wide for the conservation and management of wildlife. Systematic conservation planning (SCP) aims at ensuring biodiversity persistence while minimizing the threats faced by the species and/or the economic costs related to protection. To account for spatio‐temporal interactions between species and human threats, conservation planning for mobile wildlife requires time‐series data derived from monitoring of species and human threats, a process that is costly and technically challenging. Therefore, assessments of the monitoring period needed to ensure sufficient data input in the design of efficient, adequate and representative networks of PAs are crucial. We demonstrated the value of time‐series data in conservation planning by implementing SCP and data from different monitoring periods to identify priority conservation areas for highly mobile marine megafauna accounting for their main threat: commercial fishing. Two analyses of 10 reserve‐design scenarios each, replicated as many times as the data composing each scenario permitted were run in Marxan. The best solutions of the planning scenarios were statistically compared using the Cohen's Kappa test. We also assessed differences in spatial similarity among and within scenarios using the Wilcoxon nonparametric test and a non‐metric multidimensional scaling analysis. Finally, we compared the necessary cost and the area selected for each scenario. Our study highlights the importance of time‐series ecological and socioeconomic data for the robust selection of priority conservation areas. The results revealed different thresholds of the minimum temporal data required to design efficient networks of PAs for highly mobile species, demonstrating that the incorporation of data covering longer periods to the scenarios produce a more robust selection of priority conservation areas. Conservation plans using data covering <3 years were missing important priority areas. Synthesis and applications. We provide a method for estimating the minimum number of years of monitoring required to design efficient networks of protected areas that ensure the persistence of highly mobile species such as cetaceans and seabirds. This method can be used within an adaptive management framework to evaluate whether a network of protected areas performs as planned, and to test whether management strategies should be altered or adjusted in response to local and global changes.

Marine spatial plans focusing on biodiversity conservation: The case of the Aegean Sea

“…Finally, it is worth stressing that both SCP and MSP are processes that should be subject to monitoring and evaluation to allow for adaptive management and improved marine spatial plans that are effective over time (García-Barón et al, 2021;Stelzenmüller et al, 2021). Over the past decade, EU member states have shown increasing interest for international recognition of their exclusive economic zones and the development of new maritime activities within their jurisdiction (Katsanevakis et al, 2015).…”

Biodiversity Monitoring in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas: Scientific and Methodological Challenges

“…MPAs must be seen as elective sites where natural changes can play their role independently from the interaction with local anthropogenic impacts, which should not represent a major driver of change there [38,164]. Assessing change over time requires long term data series, which -notwithstanding their importance for both scientific understanding and conservation planning [216,217] -are rarely available [54,218]. In absence of such data series, the revisitation of sites already surveyed in the past has proved successful [16,46,153,164,[219][220][221][222][223][224][225].…”

The Case of Lionfish (Pterois miles) in the Mediterranean Sea Demonstrates Limitations in EU Legislation to Address Marine Biological Invasions

“…The value of time-series ecological and socioeconomic data has been emphasized in conservation policy [101], but no data were available to rapidly elucidate the impacts of lionfish in the Mediterranean ecosystems. Long-term data before and after the invasion could potentially enable a better understanding of the changes caused by the invasive species, together with well-designed comparisons between affected and unaffected sites.…”