The Vantage Points of Assistants and Reinforcers

Monks, Claire P.; O’Toole, Sarah

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52939-0_3

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…We used responses at the item level for the four reactive behaviors. Of note, our scoring approach is consistent with the bullying literature in which bystanders can be defenders, assistants, and/or reinforcers (Monks & O'Toole, 2020;Salmivalli, 1999;Sutton & Smith, 1999).…”

Section: Social Network Nominationsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Adolescent Peers and Prevention: Network Patterns of Sexual Violence Attitudes and Bystander Actions

Banyard

Waterman

Edwards

et al. 2021

J Interpers Violence

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Peer sexual violence is a significant social problem that affects adolescents and can lead to negative mental health and developmental consequences. Peers are a significant source of influence for adolescent behavior. For example, recent studies show training teens to be bystanders can be an effective prevention strategy to reduce peer violence and harassment. Peers can also promote risky behaviors including substance use and violence. The current study examined how sexual violence-specific risk and protective attitudes (e.g., denial of peer sexual violence and positive peer prevention norms) and behaviors (alcohol use and bystander actions to prevent peer sexual violence) clustered within peer networks cross-sectionally and over time. Participants were 1,499 7th−10th graders who took surveys during an academic year and who reported having opportunity to take action as bystanders to peer sexual violence. Participants took surveys 6 months apart online in schools. Questions included nomination of best friends to capture information about peer networks. Social network analyses indicated that there was weak but significant clustering of positive prevention attitudes such as bystander denial and marginal clustering on reactive bystander behaviors to address sexual assault. For comparison, alcohol use and academic grades were analyzed and found to also cluster in networks in these data. These findings suggest that for early adolescents, peer bystander training may be influential for some key bystander attitudes and reactive sexual violence prevention behaviors as individual behaviors are not independent of those of their friends.

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Section: Social Network Nominationsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Adolescent Peers and Prevention: Network Patterns of Sexual Violence Attitudes and Bystander Actions

Banyard

Waterman

Edwards

et al. 2021

J Interpers Violence

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“…Studies with children during middle childhood and adolescence have highlighted the important role of the peer group and peer relations in victimization and bullying (Salmivalli, 2010; Salmivalli et al, 1996). Children who bully others tend to form social networks with others who take more complementary roles to their behavior, such as assistants (those who join in with aggression) and reinforcers (who encourage or reinforce the aggression; Monks & O'Toole, 2020), which may further encourage their aggression. Some antibullying programs have successfully worked on challenging and changing the behavior of the broader peer group, helping children to be aware of their behavior that may be supportive or encouraging to the child being aggressive (KiVa, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer relations and friendships in early childhood: The association with peer victimization

Kucaba

Monks

2022

Aggressive Behavior

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We examined the association between involvement in peer victimization in early childhood and different measures of peer relations to examine the role of the peer group in victimization with a special focus on the role of the aggressor, defender, and target. Children (N = 200; 45.5% girls) and teachers (N = 8; 100% women) were recruited from three primary schools in the south‐east of England. Children were aged 5−7 years (M = 75.6 months, SD = 10.39). Child and teacher reports of children's friendships were obtained. Children reported on the quality of their best friendship. Children provided peer reports on involvement in peer victimization (as aggressor, defender, and target) and social status (like‐most and like‐least). Results show that aggressive children received more like‐least nominations than other children, defenders were the most liked by peers, but targets' social status was not clearly identifiable. There were no significant differences between role in peer victimization and best friend nominations—most children said that they had a best friend. Similarly, there were no differences in reciprocated friendship between different roles. However, children who had their friendship reciprocated received more defender nominations. In line with the homophily hypothesis, aggressive children tended to have aggressive friends and have friendships characterized by conflict. Defenders were friends with other defenders. Targets tended to follow the social competence model of friendships by indicating defenders as their best friends. We discuss these findings in relation to the role that group processes may play in peer victimization in early childhood.

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“…However, the main character directly confronted the bully in the storybook in a kind manner, perhaps modeling this important behavior for students (Diesen, 2017;Raisor & Thompson, 2014). Within early childhood, previous findings that focused on clarifying bystander roles were inconsistent, perhaps due to less developed social cognitive skills (Monks & O'Toole, 2020). The impact of age is therefore notable in that findings support the impact of development on ability to engage in active bystander roles to confront bullies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Bystanders play a central role in bullying situations because their interventions can dramatically attenuate victimization, either by stopping the bully's behavior or by offering support to the victim (Monks & O'Toole, 2020;Nickerson et al, 2015). Particularly in early childcare settings, bullying most often occurs when bystanders are present (Monks et al, 2021).…”

Section: Key Role Of Bystandersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…School-aged children with higher awareness of self and social capital are the most likely demographic to engage in defending behaviors (Meter & Card, 2015). These youth may feel more confident to intervene effectively, and self-efficacy has been associated with bystander intervention (Monks & O'Toole, 2020). Reading storybooks in which characters model defending may also encourage active bystanding behavior in early readers.…”

Section: Key Role Of Bystandersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Books and Bullies: Responses to Bullying in Preschool Students

Rosen

Scott

Higgins

2023

Int Journal of Bullying Prevention

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Bullying begins in the preschool years and presents a public health concern for children of all ages with negative outcomes observed for victims, perpetrators, and bystanders. With an eye on intervention, research suggests that reading and discussing books may help to encourage perspective taking and compassion for others, even at an early age. The current study presented preschoolers with The New York Times bestselling storybook featuring an active bystander in a bullying situation and examined definitions of and responses to bullying both before and after reading the storybook. At the end of the study, participants reported what they learned from the storybook. Responses were categorized as direct defending (e.g., confronting the bully), indirect defending (e.g., supporting the victim), and inaction (e.g., remaining quiet). Participants included 89 children recruited from preschools in the Southwestern United States. When asked to consider themselves in the role of a bystander, results indicated that children were more likely to engage in an active response to bullying after reading the storybook. Findings suggest that educators may be able to use books highlighting active bystanders to discourage bullying behavior among preschool students.

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The Vantage Points of Assistants and Reinforcers

Cited by 3 publications

References 94 publications

Adolescent Peers and Prevention: Network Patterns of Sexual Violence Attitudes and Bystander Actions

Adolescent Peers and Prevention: Network Patterns of Sexual Violence Attitudes and Bystander Actions

Peer relations and friendships in early childhood: The association with peer victimization

Books and Bullies: Responses to Bullying in Preschool Students

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