The Vapor Pressure of Chemical Agents: GD, VX, EA 2223, EA 3547, EA 3580, EA 5365, and EA 5533

Savage, James J.; Fielder, Donald

doi:10.21236/adb013164

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Savage and Fielder's Knudsen sample was reported to be 89 % pure; however, it is likely that the material was actually of higher purity during data collection due to outgassing of higher-volatility impurities in the process of measuring the data. 11 The DTA data reported earlier by Belkin and Brown vary by an average of 14.2 % from the calculated values, although as indicated in Table 5, the agreement between the higher calculated and observed values is much better than the lower values of that data set. 12 Figure 7 shows a comparison of the error anticipated for RVX superimposed by the DTA data measured by the authors as part of the current work.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Coulter et al determined the flash point of VX to be 432 K using an open cup method. 2 Table 5 lists the vapor pressure data measured for VX reported previously by the current authors in an in-house technical report using the vapor saturation method, 15 by Savage and Fielder using Knudsen effusion, 11 and by Belkin and Brown using DTA. 12 It should be noted that the values contained in ref 12 are correlated to the experimental data as recorded in Belkin's laboratory notebook.…”

Section: ■ Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a 100·( P expt – P calc )/ P calc ). b This work (bold); the uncertainty is 3 % over the range of the data. c Reference . d Reference . …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The VX saturator data appear to be quite consistent and in relatively good agreement with earlier work. 11,12 It should be noted that the reported saturator data values are averages of multiple measurements in which the individual measurements varied by as much as 10 % from the mean. We ascribe this behavior to interactions between VX/RVX and the sample transfer lines, even though the lines were heated and we used the most inert transfer lines available.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vapor pressure of VX has been studied previously by several investigators. Savage and Fielder used Knudsen effusion at T = (325.15 to 373.35) K, Belkin and Brown used differential thermal analysis (DTA) at T = (385.65 to 510.15) K, and Rittfeldt used vapor saturation at T = (261.15 to 376.15) K. The latter work reported a Clausius–Clapeyron equation but did not publish the numerical values. The present VX work used a modified vapor saturation technique at T = (260.15 to 293.15) K, based on ASTM methodology, and has been described in detail previously in an in-house publication …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermophysical Properties of VX and RVX

Tevault¹,

Brozena²,

Buchanan³

et al. 2012

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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Selected thermophysical properties are reported for VX (O-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate) and its isomer, RVX (O-isobutyl-S-[2(diethylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothiolate). Several properties have been reported previously for both compounds; the focus of the current work has been the measurement of additional properties and expansion of the experimental ranges for the existing data. This report consolidates and compares physical property data measured in our laboratory for both compounds. It is important to know the physical properties of these supertoxic materials accurately to understand quantitatively the threat posed by them during military conflict, perform testing of defensive equipment, and determine the necessity to perform decontamination procedures. Knowledge of the properties of these toxic materials facilitates the selection of lower-toxicity candidates to simulate their behavior during testing where the use of the toxic agent is inappropriate. The current work has employed standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) international methods, intact and modified, to measure physical properties of VX and RVX. Properties investigated in the present work include liquid density, viscosity, surface tension, flash point, vapor pressure, heats of vaporization, and volatility. We also report correlations determined from previously available and new data, where appropriate.

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Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: ■ Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a 100·( P expt – P calc )/ P calc ). b This work (bold); the uncertainty is 3 % over the range of the data. c Reference . d Reference . …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermophysical Properties of VX and RVX

Tevault¹,

Brozena²,

Buchanan³

et al. 2012

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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The estimation of acute oral toxicity (LD50) of G-series organophosphorus-based chemical warfare agents using quantitative and qualitative toxicology in silico methods

Noga,

Michalska,

Jurowski

2024

Arch Toxicol

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Occupational Licensure and Entrepreneurs: The Case of Tax Preparers in the U.S.

2018

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We examine the relationship between entrepreneurship and occupational licensure using data on the universe of over 700,000 tax preparers in the U.S. While extant research focuses on the downsides of occupational licensure for entrepreneurs, we argue that licensure may allow entrepreneurs to signal quality and may enhance their legitimacy. States with licensure have higher average rates of entrepreneurship-approximated by tax practice ownership-and, in high-income ZIP codes, more demand for paid preparer services. In our analysis of the introduction of a federal license in tax preparation in 2013, voluntary early adoption of the announced license among entrepreneurs predicts lower exit rates. Entrepreneurs are less likely to adopt the license early than non-entrepreneurs, unless they lack substitute state-level credentials. Our results thus suggest that licensure represents a trade-off for entrepreneurs between the costs of compliance and the benefits of signaling quality and legitimacy.

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The Vapor Pressure of Chemical Agents: GD, VX, EA 2223, EA 3547, EA 3580, EA 5365, and EA 5533

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Thermophysical Properties of VX and RVX

Thermophysical Properties of VX and RVX

The estimation of acute oral toxicity (LD50) of G-series organophosphorus-based chemical warfare agents using quantitative and qualitative toxicology in silico methods

Occupational Licensure and Entrepreneurs: The Case of Tax Preparers in the U.S.

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