The Variation Tendency of Polyamines Forms and Components of Polyamine Metabolism in Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) to Salt Stress with Exogenous Spermidine Application

Abstract

To understand dynamic changes in polyamines (PAs) forms and components of polyamine metabolism in zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) response to salt stress with exogenous spermidine (Spd) application, two Chinese zoysia cultivars, z081 and z057, were exposed to sodium chloride stress for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. The z057 cultivar possesses higher salinity tolerance than the z081 cultivar. Salt stress decreased the zoysiagrass fresh weight (FW) and increased free Spd and spermine (Spm) levels and soluble and insoluble putrescine (Put), Spd and Spm levels in both cultivars. Moreover, salt stress enhanced the activities of arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC), and diamine oxidase (DAO). Exogenous Spd increased PA metabolism and ADC, SAMDC, and DAO activities and decreased free Put levels under salt stress conditions in both cultivars. In addition, structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that ODC, SAMDC, and DAO contributed to PA metabolism, and endogenous Spd levels also contributed to endogenous Spm levels. Free PAs may be the primary factor influencing the variation of other PA forms. SEM also indicated that ADC and polyamine oxidase (PAO) play a limited role in enhancing zoysia salt tolerance via PA metabolism under salt stress.

Effects of spermidine and salinity stress on growth and biochemical response of paraquat‐susceptibe and ‐resistant goosegrass (Eleusine indica L.)

“…In this study, the application of exogenous Spd was shown to promote growth and RWC (Table 1) and improve the net photosynthesis in S biotype of E. indica during exposure to salinity (Table 2). This result is consistent with previous findings (Li et al 2017) in which exogenous Spd restored the growth of zoysiagrass under salt stress conditions. Salinity stress increases the production and accumulation of ROS (Parida & Das 2005).…”

“…This result is consistent with previous findings (Li et al . ) in which exogenous Spd restored the growth of zoysiagrass under salt stress conditions.…”

“…The supernatants were used to determine free PAs according to the method of Li et al . (). PAs recovered from the pellet, the hydrolyzed supernatants and the nonhydrolyzed supernatants were benzoylated as follows.…”

“…Fresh leaf tissue was homogenized in cold perchloric acid (PCA, 4 mL, 6% v/v) and kept on ice for 1 h. For quantitative purposes, an internal standard such as 1, 6-hexanediamine may be added to the medium. The homogenates were centrifuged at 12,000g for 30 min at 4 C. The supernatants were used to determine free PAs according to the method of Li et al (2017). PAs recovered from the pellet, the hydrolyzed supernatants and the nonhydrolyzed supernatants were benzoylated as follows.…”

The Biology of Glial Cells and Their Complex Roles in Alzheimer’s Disease: New Opportunities in Therapy

“…Moreover, metabolic profiling of AD brains revealed that there was significant decline in PA concentrations, revealing another aspect of PAs [ 149 , 150 ]. Studies have shown that age-related region-specific decline of PAs in the cerebral cortex is increased by trauma, this directly suggests that PA system dysregulation may contribute to age-related impairments [ 122 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 ]. Moreover, in the serum of AD patients, it was seen that acetylated spermine, a derivative of spermidine, was downregulated [ 155 , 156 , 157 ].…”