The varied effects of protein intake during infancy, childhood, and adolescence: Associations with growth metrics, body composition, and pubertal development timelines

Abstract

Introduction: Protein plays a crucial role in the growth and development of children, impacting various physiological functions and long-term health outcomes. Understanding the optimal protein intake during the dynamic stages of childhood is essential due to its significant implications for metabolic and hormonal pathways, as well as its association with childhood obesity and malnutrition. Review Methods: The review involved a systematic examination of existing literature, focusing on studies that explored the relationship between protein intake and children's growth, development, and health outcomes. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using specific keywords, with the selection criteria emphasizing peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and observational studies in English, excluding non-human studies. Results: The analysis indicates that protein intake has a pivotal influence on children's growth patterns, body composition, and metabolic health. Findings suggest that both excessive and insufficient protein consumption can have adverse effects, highlighting the importance of balanced protein intake. The review also points out the critical impact of maternal dietary quality on infant growth and underscores the significance of protein source and quantity during complementary feeding in determining health outcomes. Conclusions: Optimal protein intake is vital for supporting children's growth and long-term health, necessitating tailored dietary strategies that accommodate the changing needs of growing children. Healthcare professionals and caregivers must be informed about the nuanced effects of protein to maintain normal growth and development while mitigating risks like obesity. Future dietary guidelines should consider these findings to ensure balanced nutrition for children at various developmental stages.