Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) can be involved in the regulation of cerebral circulation. Inhibition of production of either one of these gaseous intercellular messengers inhibits newborn pig cerebral arteriolar dilation to the excitatory amino acid glutamate. Glutamate can increase NO production. Therefore, the present study tests the hypothesis that NO, which is increased by glutamate, stimulates the production of CO by cerebral microvessels. Experiments used freshly isolated cerebral microvessels from piglets that express only heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2). CO production was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with N -nitro-Larginine (L-NNA) did not alter basal HO-2 catalytic activity or CO production, L-NNA blocked glutamate stimulation of HO-2 activity and CO production. Furthermore, the NO donor sodium nitroprusside mimicked the actions of glutamate on HO-2 and CO production. The action of NO appears to be via cGMP because 8-bromo-cGMP mimics and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) blocks glutamate stimulation of CO production and HO-2 catalytic activity. Inhibitors of neither casein kinase nor phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase altered HO-2 catalytic activity. Conversely, inhibition of calmodulin with calmidazolium chloride blocked glutamate stimulation of CO production and reduced HO-2 catalytic activity. These data suggest that glutamate may activate NOS producing NO that leads to CO synthesis via a cGMP-dependent elevation of HO-2 catalytic activity. These results are consistent with the findings in vivo that either HO or NOS inhibition blocks cerebrovascular dilation to glutamate in piglets. heme oxygenase; guanosine 3Ј, 5Ј-cyclic monophosphate; nitric oxide synthase; glutamate BOTH CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) are endogenously produced, gaseous, intercellular messengers that can be involved in regulation of cerebral circulation. In neonatal pigs, CO regulation and modulation are involved in cerebrovascular circulatory control in response to neuronal activity, hypoxia, and changing blood pressure (12,18,26,41). Whereas the contributions of NO to cerebral blood flow regulation increase with age (40, 47), NO is important in the newborn as a permissive factor enabling vascular responses to CO (15). In the piglet cerebrovascular circulation, glutamateinduced pial arteriolar dilation can be blocked by either inhibiting nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (14, 24), which produces NO, or heme oxygenase (HO) (18, 30), which produces CO. One possible explanation for these apparently conflicting data is that one gaseous messenger is necessary to allow dilation to the other. Indeed, as noted above, such a permissive contribution of NO to CO-induced dilation has been described. Another possibility is that glutamate receptor activation increases the production of one of the two gases and that gas in turn increases the production of the other, which is the final mediator of the dilatory response.CO has been reported to directly a...