The vehicle braking systems as main source of inhalable airborne magnetite particles in trafficked areas

Ingo, G. M.; Riccucci, C.; Pisani, Gianluca; Pascucci, Marianna; D'Ercole, Daniele; Guerriero, Ettore; Boccaccini, Francesca; Falso, G; Zambonini, Gianpaolo; Paolini, Valerio; Carlo, Gabriella Di

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106991

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Fe-rich particles observed in this study are similar to TEM images of outdoor vehicular brake wear PM, where a prolific number of 10-50 nm sized nanoparticles form larger agglomerates 34 , conversely to a study in Rome 35 where it was concluded that SP particles (ultrafine www.nature.com/scientificreports/ particles < 30 nm) occur as a result of stress in the oxidized outer shell of MD particles (particles > 700 nm). Moreover, in vehicle braking systems, magnetic PM emissions are dominated by magnetite 34,[36][37][38] ,however, our results suggests that the rail-wheel-brake wear airborne particles in the LU are dominated by maghemite (see Supplementary Fig. S4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Magnetic and microscopic investigation of airborne iron oxide nanoparticles in the London Underground

Sheikh

Tung

Ringe

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Particulate matter (PM) concentration levels in the London Underground (LU) are higher than London background levels and beyond World Health Organization (WHO) defined limits. Wheel, track, and brake abrasion are the primary sources of particulate matter, producing predominantly Fe-rich particles that make the LU microenvironment particularly well suited to study using environmental magnetism. Here we combine magnetic properties, high-resolution electron microscopy, and electron tomography to characterize the structure, chemistry, and morphometric properties of LU particles in three dimensions with nanoscale resolution. Our findings show that LU PM is dominated by 5–500 nm particles of maghemite, occurring as 0.1–2 μm aggregated clusters, skewing the size-fractioned concentration of PM artificially to larger sizes when measured with traditional monitors. Magnetic properties are largely independent of the PM filter size (PM10, PM4, and PM2.5), and demonstrate the presence of superparamagnetic (< 30 nm), single-domain (30–70 nm), and vortex/pseudo-single domain (70–700 nm) signals only (i.e., no multi-domain particles > 1 µm). The oxidized nature of the particles suggests that PM exposure in the LU is dominated by resuspension of aged dust particles relative to freshly abraded, metallic particles from the wheel/track/brake system, suggesting that periodic removal of accumulated dust from underground tunnels might provide a cost-effective strategy for reducing exposure. The abundance of ultrafine particles identified here could have particularly adverse health impacts as their smaller size makes it possible to pass from lungs to the blood stream. Magnetic methods are shown to provide an accurate assessment of ultrafine PM characteristics, providing a robust route to monitoring, and potentially mitigating this hazard.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Magnetic and microscopic investigation of airborne iron oxide nanoparticles in the London Underground

Sheikh

Tung

Ringe

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…For example, the pseudo-S-ratios calculated here for most of the PM collected are close to 1 (Figure 7), suggesting a dominance of low coercivity material such as magnetite. Considering that, the magnetic signal could be dominated by abrasion products like brakes (Ingo et al, 2022). Further analyses reveal that brake pads are highly magnetized, with low coercivity and not mainly composed of magnetite but also ferrite or other materials that could not easily traceable with the analytical means available in rock magnetism laboratories (Figure S3 in Supporting Information S1).…”

Section: Magnetic Measurements: Uncertainties and Relevance Of The Me...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits and Limitations of Environmental Magnetism for Completing Citizen Science on Air Quality: A Case Study in a Street Canyon

et al. 2023

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Feedbacks from the participants to an air quality monitoring study carried out as a citizen science study inside a street canyon are reported.• A magnetic air quality index (Qmag) is proposed to improve communication between scientists within their community and between citizens, scientists, and elected officials.• Benefits and limitations of the environmental magnetism technique applied to air quality measurements are discussed.• Tips to academics for conducting this type of project, and implications on societal and political issues are documented.

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“…25−27 The saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) of brake wear derived PM is 1−2 orders of magnitude greater than that of other transport derived PM. 28,29 The brake wear derived PM, only accounting for a small fraction of total PM emissions, is suggested to be the major contributor of transport-derived magnetic PM. 30,31 These PM always possess a spherical shape with fused features owing to their formation via a high-temperature process.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The iron and steel plant derived PM, possessing substantially higher saturation magnetization than PM emitted from other industrial sectors, is recognized as the primary magnetic particle emission source . Transportation derived nonexhaust PM, mainly originating from road vehicles (including brake wear, tire wear, and resuspension of dust) and the subway (i.e., brake wear), is generally identified to exhibit strong magnetic characteristics. − The saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) of brake wear derived PM is 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than that of other transport derived PM. , The brake wear derived PM, only accounting for a small fraction of total PM emissions, is suggested to be the major contributor of transport-derived magnetic PM. , These PM always possess a spherical shape with fused features owing to their formation via a high-temperature process. Although magnetic PM from the production and utilization link of iron and steel have been well investigated, ,, potential magnetic characteristics of PM from the processing link of iron and steel (including welding and cutting), as the industry production processes nexus, have never been definitely addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Magnetic Property and Toxicity of Particulate Matter Generated during Welding and Cutting Processes

Cui,

Ma,

Chen

et al. 2024

Environ. Health

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Magnetic particulate matter (PM) has raised increasing concern due to its abundant presence in ambient air and negative health impact. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of their emission sources and toxicities. We here report the observation of high magnetic property and toxicity of PM generated during typical welding and cutting processes. Magnetite, formed during high-temperature operation with less oxygen pressure, was revealed to be the major magnetic contributor. The averaged saturation magnetization and magnetic susceptibility values of fine PM (PM 2.5 ) from welding processes are 1.4−4.2 times greater than those of PM emitted from other unintended emission sources, including iron and steel plants and brake wear, while they are 2.0−5.7 times greater for the cutting processes. Furthermore, PM 2.5 from welding and cutting processes are nearly 3.5−4.5 times more neurovirulent and 2.1−7.0 times more likely to induce oxidative stress than those from other magnetic sources in the nerve cells lines. Moreover, all of these magnetic PM 2.5 exhibit greater negative health effects than typical atmospheric PM 2.5 collected in Shanghai urban regions. These new findings suggest that appropriate occupational protection measures should be implemented for the welding and cutting process to reduce adverse health impacts.

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The vehicle braking systems as main source of inhalable airborne magnetite particles in trafficked areas

Cited by 11 publications

References 109 publications

Magnetic and microscopic investigation of airborne iron oxide nanoparticles in the London Underground

Magnetic and microscopic investigation of airborne iron oxide nanoparticles in the London Underground

Benefits and Limitations of Environmental Magnetism for Completing Citizen Science on Air Quality: A Case Study in a Street Canyon

High Magnetic Property and Toxicity of Particulate Matter Generated during Welding and Cutting Processes

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