The Ventral Cochlear Nucleus

Oertel, Donata; Cao, Xiao-Jie

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23880-7

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 180 publications

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“…The VCN receives primary excitatory innervation from the inner ear via auditory nerve, therefore serving as the entry point of acoustic information into the brain ( Arnesen and Osen, 1978 ; Oertel et al, 1990 ). The DCN is a cerebellum-like structure that receives both auditory nerve input as well as input from VCN and other brain regions ( Osen, 1969b ; Moore and Osen, 1979 ; Hackney et al, 1990 ; Oertel and Cao, 2020 ). The major outputs from the CN branch to form terminals in both ipsilateral and contralateral brainstem nuclei as well as the contralateral midbrain ( Harrison and Irving, 1966 ; Bruce Warr, 1995 ; Davis, 2005 ).…”

Section: General Organization Of the Ascending Auditory Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic modulation in the vertebrate auditory pathway

Zhang,

Burger

2024

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Acetylcholine (ACh) is a prevalent neurotransmitter throughout the nervous system. In the brain, ACh is widely regarded as a potent neuromodulator. In neurons, ACh signals are conferred through a variety of receptors that influence a broad range of neurophysiological phenomena such as transmitter release or membrane excitability. In sensory circuitry, ACh modifies neural responses to stimuli and coordinates the activity of neurons across multiple levels of processing. These factors enable individual neurons or entire circuits to rapidly adapt to the dynamics of complex sensory stimuli, underscoring an essential role for ACh in sensory processing. In the auditory system, histological evidence shows that acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are expressed at virtually every level of the ascending auditory pathway. Despite its apparent ubiquity in auditory circuitry, investigation of the roles of this cholinergic network has been mainly focused on the inner ear or forebrain structures, while less attention has been directed at regions between the cochlear nuclei and midbrain. In this review, we highlight what is known about cholinergic function throughout the auditory system from the ear to the cortex, but with a particular emphasis on brainstem and midbrain auditory centers. We will focus on receptor expression, mechanisms of modulation, and the functional implications of ACh for sound processing, with the broad goal of providing an overview of a newly emerging view of impactful cholinergic modulation throughout the auditory pathway.

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Section: General Organization Of the Ascending Auditory Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic modulation in the vertebrate auditory pathway

Zhang,

Burger

2024

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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“…The cochlear nucleus is the first information processing center for auditory information within the central nervous system and provides output to the superior olivary cells (SOC) and the inferior colliculi (IC) (Malmierca and Ryugo, 2011 ; Oertel and Cao, 2020 ). It comprises three subnuclei: anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) from rhombomere 2 and 3 (r2, 3), posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN; r4), and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, r5).…”

Section: Cochlear Nuclei Depend On Transcription Factors That May Cha...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cochlear nuclei have defined numerous cell types based on morphological and physiological criteria (Oertel and Cao, 2020 ). Synapses from type I SGNs onto bushy cells in the AVCN have structural adaptations that receive the endbulbs of Held; the endbulb of Held permits highly secure signaling between the auditory periphery of SGN and bushy cells (Manis et al, 2012 ; Caspary and Llano, 2018 ; Syka, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Cochlear Nuclei Depend On Transcription Factors That May Cha...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Losing proper auditory innervation that leads to a simplification of the endbulb termination (Muniak et al, 2016 ). Local inhibitory cells in the cochlear nucleus are known as either glycinergic (e.g., D-multipolar, vertical, and cartwheel) or as GABAergic [stellate and Golgi; (Young and Oertel, 1998 ; Oertel and Cao, 2020 )] that receive the SGN projections. Genomically are clustered as miR-183 and miR-96 that reduces the volumes of auditory hindbrain nuclei.…”

Section: Cochlear Nuclei Depend On Transcription Factors That May Cha...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age-Related Hearing Loss: Sensory and Neural Etiology and Their Interdependence

Elliott

Fritzsch

Yamoah

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a common, increasing problem for older adults, affecting about 1 billion people by 2050. We aim to correlate the different reductions of hearing from cochlear hair cells (HCs), spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), cochlear nuclei (CN), and superior olivary complex (SOC) with the analysis of various reasons for each one on the sensory deficit profiles. Outer HCs show a progressive loss in a basal-to-apical gradient, and inner HCs show a loss in a apex-to-base progression that results in ARHL at high frequencies after 70 years of age. In early neonates, SGNs innervation of cochlear HCs is maintained. Loss of SGNs results in a considerable decrease (~50% or more) of cochlear nuclei in neonates, though the loss is milder in older mice and humans. The dorsal cochlear nuclei (fusiform neurons) project directly to the inferior colliculi while most anterior cochlear nuclei reach the SOC. Reducing the number of neurons in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) affects the interactions with the lateral superior olive to fine-tune ipsi- and contralateral projections that may remain normal in mice, possibly humans. The inferior colliculi receive direct cochlear fibers and second-order fibers from the superior olivary complex. Loss of the second-order fibers leads to hearing loss in mice and humans. Although ARHL may arise from many complex causes, HC degeneration remains the more significant problem of hearing restoration that would replace the cochlear implant. The review presents recent findings of older humans and mice with hearing loss.

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“…Previous work showed that the SGN central projection typically develops in the absence of Atoh1 and, thus, lacks hair cells and cochlear nuclei (Elliott et al, 2017). Future differentiation will generate a large set of cochlear nuclei that must be traced from the earliest gene expression to establish into bushy, globular, spherical, stellate, and pyramidal neurons (Malmierca, 2015;Oertel and Cao, 2020). In addition, unipolar brush cells, granule cells, and fusiform cells develop in the DCN; each is uniquely positive for calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin (reviewed in Caspary and Llano, 2018;Elliott et al, 2022b).…”

Section: Auditory Nuclei Depend On Atoh1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurosensory development of the four brainstem-projecting sensory systems and their integration in the telencephalon

Fritzsch

Elliott

Yamoah

2022

Front. Neural Circuits

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Somatosensory, taste, vestibular, and auditory information is first processed in the brainstem. From the brainstem, the respective information is relayed to specific regions within the cortex, where these inputs are further processed and integrated with other sensory systems to provide a comprehensive sensory experience. We provide the organization, genetics, and various neuronal connections of four sensory systems: trigeminal, taste, vestibular, and auditory systems. The development of trigeminal fibers is comparable to many sensory systems, for they project mostly contralaterally from the brainstem or spinal cord to the telencephalon. Taste bud information is primarily projected ipsilaterally through the thalamus to reach the insula. The vestibular fibers develop bilateral connections that eventually reach multiple areas of the cortex to provide a complex map. The auditory fibers project in a tonotopic contour to the auditory cortex. The spatial and tonotopic organization of trigeminal and auditory neuron projections are distinct from the taste and vestibular systems. The individual sensory projections within the cortex provide multi-sensory integration in the telencephalon that depends on context-dependent tertiary connections to integrate other cortical sensory systems across the four modalities.

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The Ventral Cochlear Nucleus

Cited by 3 publications

References 180 publications

Cholinergic modulation in the vertebrate auditory pathway

Cholinergic modulation in the vertebrate auditory pathway

Age-Related Hearing Loss: Sensory and Neural Etiology and Their Interdependence

Neurosensory development of the four brainstem-projecting sensory systems and their integration in the telencephalon

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