The vertebral level of origin of spinal nerves in the rat

Gelderd, John B.; Chopin, Suzzette F.

doi:10.1002/ar.1091880106

Cited by 86 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…S1). This finding demonstrates that ganglionar administration does not reach the spinal cord, and was limited to the primary afferent neurons because secondary afferent neurons from L5-DRG are located at the L1-T13 spinal cord segment (18).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia depends on the COX increase in the dorsal root ganglion

Araldi

Ferrari

Lotufo

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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It is well established that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells synthesize prostaglandin. However, the role that prostaglandin plays in the inflammatory hyperalgesia of peripheral tissue has not been established. Recently, we have successfully established a technique to inject drugs (3 μL) directly into the L5-DRG of rats, allowing in vivo identification of the role that DRG cell-derived COX-1 and COX-2 play in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia of peripheral tissue. IL-1β (0.5 pg) or carrageenan (100 ng) was administered in the L5-peripheral field of rat hindpaw and mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated after 3 h. Administration of a nonselective COX inhibitor (indomethacin), selective COX-1 (valeryl salicylate), or selective COX-2 (SC-236) inhibitors into the L5-DRG prevented the hyperalgesia induced by IL-1β. Similarly, oligodeoxynucleotide-antisense against COX-1 or COX-2, but not oligodeoxynucleotide-mismatch, decreased their respective expressions in the L5-DRG and prevented the hyperalgesia induced by IL-1β in the hindpaw. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that the amount of COX-1 and COX-2, constitutively expressed in TRPV-1 + cells of the DRG, significantly increased after carrageenan or IL-1β administration. In addition, indomethacin administered into the L5-DRG prevented the increase of PKCe expression in DRG membrane cells induced by carrageenan. Finally, the administration of EP1/EP2 (7.5 ng) or EP4 (10 μg) receptor antagonists into L5-DRG prevented the hyperalgesia induced by IL-1β in the hindpaw. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the inflammatory hyperalgesia in peripheral tissue depends on activation of COX-1 and COX-2 in C-fibers, which contribute to the induction and maintenance of sensitization of primary sensory neurons.D uring tissue injury, prostaglandin-E 2 (PGE 2 ) is produced by the activation of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) to play an important role in inflammatory hyperalgesia. PGE 2 sensitizes peripheral nociceptors through the activation of PGE 2 receptors (EP) (1). This sensitization, characterized by a reduction of nociceptive threshold and by an increase in peripheral afferent neuron responsiveness, is the main feature of inflammatory hyperalgesia in the peripheral tissue. The widespread use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs to control inflammatory hyperalgesia exemplifies the relevance of PGE 2 for the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. These drugs decrease peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia by inhibiting COX and, therefore, by preventing the synthesis of PGE 2 (2, 3).The COX enzyme is expressed in two major isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, with different biological functions (4), although both play a role in the inflammatory hyperalgesia (5, 6). The isoform of COX constitutively expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is still unclear. Although COX-1 mRNA and, to a lesser extent, COX-2 mRNA have been detected in DRG cultures (7) under basal conditions, immunohistochemical studies have shown that DRG cells express only COX-1, but not C...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia depends on the COX increase in the dorsal root ganglion

Araldi

Ferrari

Lotufo

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In the rat, the spinal cord terminates at L3-L4 vertebral level, whereas in the human it terminates at L1-L2 vertebral level. 24 It is unknown whether there are functional differences between the intrathecal space and flow of cerebrospinal fluid between rats and humans. Figure 4 Relative distribution of NSPC (a) and BMSC (b) in the spinal cord.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrathecal transplantation of stem cells by lumbar puncture for thoracic spinal cord injury in the rat

et al. 2011

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Study design: Experimental investigation of intrathecal transplantation of stem cells by lumbar puncture (LP) in a rat model that simulates human thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). Objectives: To examine the distribution and phenotype of spinal cord-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) following LP transplantation in SCI rats. Setting: Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Methods: NSPCs or BMSCs were transplanted via LP at level L3-5 1 week after compression SCI at T8. Rats were killed at 3, 17 and 27 days after LP transplantation and the relative distribution of cells at C4, T8 and L3-5 was quantitated. The phenotype of the NSPC and BMSC was assessed with immunocytochemistry in vitro and following LP transplantation. Results: By 4 weeks, more NSPC migrated to the lesion site relative to BMSC and uninjured animals. However, there was no preferential homing of either of these types of cells into the parenchyma of the injury site, and most of the transplanted cells remained in the intrathecal space. In vitro, spinal cord-derived NSPC proliferated and expressed nestin, but after LP transplantation, NSPC became post-mitotic and primarily expressed oligodendrocyte markers. In contrast, BMSC did not express any neural antigens in vivo. Conclusion: LP is a minimally invasive method of cell transplantation that produces wide dissemination of cells in the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord. This is the first study to report and quantify the phenotype and spatial distribution of LP transplanted NSPC and BMSC in the intact and injured spinal cord.

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“…Zeman and Inne [1963] show that the spinal nerve roots lie slightly cranial to their level of exit and the cord terminates between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. Gelderd and Chopin [1977] have observed that the spinal nerve roots in rat arise considerably rostral to their level of exit. The present investigation was therefore under taken to clarify these discrepancies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Observations on the topographical relations of spinal nerve roots in the rat

Padmanabhan¹,

Singh²

1979

Cells Tissues Organs

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The spinal cord along with the ventral and dorsal roots (C₁-S₄) were dissected out in 10 male and 5 female CF rats. The vertebral levels of origin and exit of the spinal nerve roots and termination of the spinal cord were recorded. It was observed that from the midcervical to the sacral region, the roots arose increasingly at cranial levels compared to their levels of exit. This disparity was at its maximum in the lumbar and sacral segments. The spinal cord terminated between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. There was no sexual dimorphism either at the level of termination of the cord or at the levels of origin and exit of the various nerve roots.

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The vertebral level of origin of spinal nerves in the rat

Cited by 86 publications

References 0 publications

Peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia depends on the COX increase in the dorsal root ganglion

Peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia depends on the COX increase in the dorsal root ganglion

Intrathecal transplantation of stem cells by lumbar puncture for thoracic spinal cord injury in the rat

Observations on the topographical relations of spinal nerve roots in the rat

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