The viral etiology of tomato yellow leaf curl disease - a review

Abstract

Glick E., Levy Y., Gafni Y. (2009): The viral etiology of tomato yellow leaf curl disease -a review. Plant Protect. Sci., 45: 81-97.Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating plant diseases in the world. As a result of its continuing rapid spread, it now afflicts more than 30 tomato growing countries in the Mediterranean basin, southern Asia, Africa, and South, Central and North America. The disease is caused by a group of viral species of the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae (geminiviruses), referred to as Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). These are transmitted by an insect vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, classified in the family Aleyrodidae. The genome of TYLCV generally consists of a single circular single-stranded (ss) DNA molecule, with only one exception in which two components were identified. It encodes six open reading frames, only one of which codes for the coat protein (CP) that represents a building block of the viral particle. TYLCV, like all other members of the Geminiviridae, has geminate particles, apparently consisting of two incomplete T = 1 icosahedra joined together to produce a structure with 22 pentameric capsomers and 110 identical CP subunits. Close to 50 years of intensive research into TYLCV epidemics has been conducted to find solutions to the severe problem caused by this virus. To date, breeding for resistance appears to be the best approach to controlling this disease, although only partially resistant varieties are commercially available. Since the virus consists of a ssDNA that replicates in the host-cell nucleus, the molecular mechanisms involved in its nuclear import have been the focus of our studies in recent years and results, as well as prospects, are discussed in this review. In addition, we describe our recent finding of a suppressor of gene silencing encoded by one of the TYLCV-Isr genes. This paper provides an overview of the most outstanding achievements in TYLCV research that may lead to more effective control strategies.

Farmers Agronomic Practice in Management of the Tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicon</i> L.) Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Central Region of Ghana

“…The respondents reported that the disease can cause yield losses ranging from less than 10% to over 40% (Table 4). This result corroborates the report of Glick et al (2009) which states that TYLCV is so destructive that it can cause a yield loss as high as 100%. …”

Insecticides promote viral outbreaks by altering herbivore competition

“…Outbreaks of TYLCV in India, a country whose farming infrastructure is similar to that of China, cause yield losses ranging from 50-100% (Reddy et al 2010). By way of comparison, TYLCV outbreaks in the early 2000s that reduced tomato yields by 20% in North America and Europe had a cost of more than US$300 million (Glick et al 2009). Given the polyphagous nature of Bemisia tabaci, the hundreds of viruses it can vector, and the extensive agricultural sector in China, the total economic cost of TYLCV and other viral pathogens are likely higher, perhaps dramatically so.…”

Epidemiological Studies of Tomato Leaf Curl Virus Disease Based upon Environmental Variables

“…Tomatoes contribute to a healthy diet by providing rich amount of minerals, essential amino acids, sugars and dietary fibers etc. It comprises of abundant vitamin B, C, iron and phosphorus (Glick et al, 2009).…”