The Viscosity of Human Semen and the Percentage of Motile Spermatozoa

Tjioe, D.Y.; Oentoeng, S.

doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)36728-0

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Blair (1961,1966) and Szumowski (1948) obtained significant correlation between seminal fluid viscosity and sperm concentration in bull semen. Contrary to these findings, Tjioe and Oentoeng (1968) suggested that there was a highly significant negative correlation between sperm count and viscosity in case of small count group (less than 60 d o n per ml) and the influence of even higher sperm counts on the viscosity was probably insignificant. We have found (Ray et al -1977) a low correlation value between the relative viscosity and total sperm count for a small number of human seminal fluids.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 67%

“…The volume of the fluids varied between 1.5 and 7.0 ml. The motility and active motility of spermatozoa in terms of percentages were counted by the method of Tjioe and Oentoeng (1968). The total number of spermatozoa were counted in terms of millions per ml of the fluid by the method of Weisman (1 942), as quoted by Frankel et al (1970).…”

Section: Physical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative Viscosity of Human Seminal Fluid: Influence of Sperm Concentration, Motility and Biochemical Ingredients

Chaudhuri

Nag

2009

Andrologia

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Zusammenfassung Relative Viskosität des menschlichen Spermas. Einfluß der Spermatozoendichte, der Motilität und biochemischer Bestandteile Am Sperma von56 Männern wurden Untersuchungen über die relative Viskosität im Hinblick auf die Spermatozoendichte und Spermatozoenmotilität sowie über den Einfluß der biochemischen Bestandteile im Hinblick auf eine Änderung der Viskosität vorgenommen. Die Ejakulate wurden in verschiedene Gruppen aufgeteilt. Die Normozoospermie‐Gruppe zeigte gegenüber allen anderen Gruppen (mit Ausnahme der Astheno‐ zoospermie und Oligozoospermie) eine statistisch signifikante Differenz der relativen Viskosität. Ein höherer Viskositätsgrad wurde bei Oligozoo‐ und Normozoospermie beobachtet. Allerdings sind die Autoren der Auffassung, daß Spermatozoendichte und Motilität nicht die einzigen Determinanten sind, welche die Viskosität beeinflussen. Lediglich 1/3 der Einflußmöglichkeiten auf die Viskosität geht auf die Spermatozoendichte und die Motilität zurück. Für eine gepoolte Beobachtung verursacht die Viskosität eine negative Korrelation mit der Spermatozoendichte und der Motilität. Die große Differenz bei den biochemischen Bestandteilen in den verschiedenen Gruppen deutet darauf hin, daß eine höhere oder geringere Viskosität des Spermas durch die Protoplasma‐Suspension und nicht nur durch die Spermatozoendichte und die Motilität signifikant bedingt ist.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 67%

Section: Physical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Viscosity of Human Seminal Fluid: Influence of Sperm Concentration, Motility and Biochemical Ingredients

Chaudhuri

Nag

2009

Andrologia

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“…The condition of hyper-viscoelasticity in human semen is associated with a reduced percentage of motile spermatozoa [51,52]. Moreover, there is a change in motility characteristics, as revealed in the motion parameters of curvilinear velocity, average path length and amplitude of lateral head displacement [53].…”

Section: Specific Observations Related To Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations of viscosity in the preliminaries to mammalian fertilisation

Hunter¹,

Coy

Gadea

et al. 2011

J Assist Reprod Genet

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Migration of spermatozoa in the female genital tract will be strongly influenced by the viscosity of the fluids encountered, yet little systematic analysis has been given to such a consideration. This essay reviews the series of milieux confronting a fertilising sperm during its progression to the oviduct ampulla. Two groups are discussed, first those in which ejaculation is into the vagina, second those in which semen enters the uterus during a protracted mating. Viscous glycoprotein secretions that accumulate in the oviduct isthmus of both groups before ovulation are highlighted, as is the environment generated in the ampulla by the post-ovulatory suspension of oocyte(s), cumulus cells and spermatozoa; follicular and peritoneal fluids may also be present. The viscosity of all female tract fluids responds to cyclical variations in temperature, and these exist within the oviduct near the time of ovulation. Gradations in viscosity influence the pattern and strength of sperm flagellar activity and the rate of forward movement. Measurements of sperm motility are currently made in a physiological medium of constant viscosity and temperature, thereby overlooking changes in the female genital tract. A more sophisticated approach might reveal an adequate fertilising potential in a proportion of putatively poor semen samples.

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“…Tjioe and Oentoeng (1968), using a Hellige viscometer (a 2-capillary system), measured an average viscosity of whole semen of 3.92 centipoise (cP), with a wide range of values (1.3-23.3 cP). Note that the viscosity of water at 25ЊC/37ЊC is 0.8904/0.6915 cP.…”

Section: Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Human Semen and the Formulation of a Semen Simulant

Owen

Katz

2005

Journal of Andrology

355

298

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A fluid medium was developed to simulate the salient physical and chemical properties of human semen. The composition of the medium was based upon an extensive review of the literature on constituents of human semen. In choosing the ingredients for this medium, the goal was to emphasize properties that influence interactions of human semen with topical contraceptive, prophylactic, or therapeutic products. Among these properties, pH and buffering capacity, osmolarity, ionic strength, and rheological properties play dominant roles in the physico-chemical processes that govern drug release kinetics and delivery vehicle distribution. W hen therapeutic, contraceptive, or prophylactic formulations are applied to the vagina, they encounter a variety of fluids with widely varying physical and chemical properties. These fluids include those that originate in the vagina and those that flow into it (eg, cervical mucus and semen). The fluid actually present at any location within the vagina is a mixture, to a varying extent, of these fluids. The flow, retention, drug delivery kinetics, and bioactivity of vaginal formulations depend upon their interactions with these resident fluids. Work done by our group has determined that the physical and chemical properties of both the delivery vehicle and the surrounding environment are important factors in determining product performance (Katz et al, 1998;Owen et al, 1999aOwen et al, , 2000Owen et al, , 2001Owen et al, , 2003. Understanding of these interactions can, therefore, aid in the design and development of new and improved formulations.One component of such research is the in vitro testing of formulations with fluids representative of those that will be encountered within the vagina. Our laboratory has been developing and applying in vitro assays that focus on how the deployment and delivery of contraceptive and prophylactic compounds are affected by the properties of the delivery vehicle and its interactions with the surrounding fluids. To develop these assays using standardized materials of sufficient volume, we have found it useful to employ simulants of ambient biological fluids. Our for- mulation of a vaginal fluid simulant has been described in a previous publication (Owen and Katz, 1999b), and our semen simulant (and earlier versions) was presented in a number of studies of contraceptive and microbicidal gels (Owen et al, 2003(Owen et al, , 2004Geonnotti and Katz, 2004;Geonnotti et al, 2005a;Geonnotti et al, 2005b). Here we describe the formulation of a semen simulant embodying salient physical and chemical components and properties of human semen. This is based on a comprehensive review of the literature, and we present here, as well, an updated summary of the constituents of human semen. Materials and MethodsThe quantity and composition of human semen have been studied for a variety of reasons (eg, for the diagnosis of conditions such as prostatitis, infertility, and cancer), and the results of these studies were used in the development of our simulant. It i...

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The Viscosity of Human Semen and the Percentage of Motile Spermatozoa

Cited by 20 publications

References 3 publications

Relative Viscosity of Human Seminal Fluid: Influence of Sperm Concentration, Motility and Biochemical Ingredients

Relative Viscosity of Human Seminal Fluid: Influence of Sperm Concentration, Motility and Biochemical Ingredients

Considerations of viscosity in the preliminaries to mammalian fertilisation

A Review of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Human Semen and the Formulation of a Semen Simulant

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