The Visual Brain in Action

Milner, David J.; Goodale, Melvyn A.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524724.001.0001

Cited by 1,759 publications

(2,357 citation statements)

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“…A documented neuropsychological theory states that when visual information has passed the primary visual cortex (V1) it splits into two pathways, the ventral and the dorsal stream, that process the information differently (Mishkin and Ungerleider 1982;Livingstone and Hubel 1988;Milner and Goodale 1992;Atkinson 2000;Braddick, Atkinson et al 2003;Atkinson and Braddick 2006). The ventral stream recognizes and identifies forms and objects and has for this reason been called "the what stream" (Milner and Goodale 1992;Milner and Goodale 1995). The dorsal stream relates between perception and action and has thus been called "the how stream" (Milner and Goodale 1992;Milner and Goodale 1995).…”

Section: Two Visual Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ventral stream recognizes and identifies forms and objects and has for this reason been called "the what stream" (Milner and Goodale 1992;Milner and Goodale 1995). The dorsal stream relates between perception and action and has thus been called "the how stream" (Milner and Goodale 1992;Milner and Goodale 1995). The dorsal stream prepares manipulatory actions like grasping and reaching (Shmuelof and Zohary 2005).…”

Section: Two Visual Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fitting objects into holes: On the development of spatial cognition skills.

Örnkloo¹,

Hofsten²

2007

Developmental Psychology

121

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The authors examined 14-to 26-month-old infants' understanding of the spatial relationships between objects and apertures in an object manipulation task. The task was to insert objects with various cross-sections (circular, square, rectangular, ellipsoid, and triangular) into fitting apertures. A successful solution required the infant to mentally rotate the object to be fit into the aperture and use that information to plan the action. The object was presented standing up in half of the trials; in the other half, it was lying down. The results showed that infants solved the problem consistently from age 22 months and that a successful solution was associated with appropriate preadjustments before the hand arrived with the block to the aperture. No sex differences were found.

show abstract

Section: Two Visual Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Two Visual Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fitting objects into holes: On the development of spatial cognition skills.

Örnkloo¹,

Hofsten²

2007

Developmental Psychology

121

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“…Based on dissociations in brain-damaged patients, Goodale and Milner (1992) and Milner and Goodale (1995) suggested that pantomime was more dependent on the ventral stream of visual processing (temporal lobe "what" pathway) and less dependent on the dorsal stream (parietal lobe "where and how" pathway) than object use. However, one fMRI suggested that parietal cortex is critical for pantomimed tool use, as the primary difference between pantomiming and reproducing a meaningless gesture sequence was in parietal rather than temporal regions (Moll et al, 2000).…”

Section: Varieties Of Action: Pantomime Versus Interactions With Realmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, one fMRI suggested that parietal cortex is critical for pantomimed tool use, as the primary difference between pantomiming and reproducing a meaningless gesture sequence was in parietal rather than temporal regions (Moll et al, 2000). Not in dispute is the fact that, in both healthy subjects and patients, the actions performed during pantomimed and real-object use are not identical (Goodale et al, 1994;Laimgruber et al, 2004;Milner and Goodale, 1995;Westwood et al, 2000). Picking up a real object includes visually-guided adjustment of both hand shape and the size of the aperture between thumb and fingers (prehension).…”

Section: Varieties Of Action: Pantomime Versus Interactions With Realmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory for pantomimed actions versus actions with real objects

Senkfor

2008

Cortex

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A substantial literature indicates that human actions during object use and pantomimed object use are not identical, and can be differentially affected by brain damage such that apraxic patients can be more impaired in performing actions with objects or at pantomiming such actions. A different literature suggests that memory retrieval can involve reinstating or recapitulating some of the same brain activity that occurred during the original event. The current experiment examines memory for pantomimed actions versus those conducted with real objects to determine if accuracy or brain electrical activity differs during the recollection of episodes involving pantomime versus actual object use. Across two sessions, participants were presented with images of studied objects and judged whether each object was studied by (1) performing an action, (2) watching the experimenter perform an action, (3) imagining an action, or (4) the nonmotoric control task of estimating the object's cost. The study phases preceding this source memory test differed across sessions: in one, participants were presented with real objects and estimated its cost or performed, watched, or imagined typical actions with the objects; in the other they viewed images of each object and estimated its cost or performed, imagined, or watched pantomimes of object use. Although source accuracy was the same across sessions, event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded during memory retrieval differed for memory for actions with real objects versus their pantomime equivalents. Retrieval-phase activity did not differ for cost-encoded objects. The real-object/pantomime difference in brain activity was maximal over left frontal and frontocentral cortex, suggesting differential engagement of motor cortex during memory for real actions versus pantomimed actions.

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“…They asked: How the two streams interact both with each other and with other brain regions in the production of purposive behavior (Milner and Goodale, 1998). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consciousness, brain, neuroplasticity

Askenasy

Lehmann

2013

Front. Psychol.

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Subjectivity, intentionality, self-awareness and will are major components of consciousness in human beings. Changes in consciousness and its content following different brain processes and malfunction have long been studied. Cognitive sciences assume that brain activities have an infrastructure, but there is also evidence that consciousness itself may change this infrastructure. The two-way influence between brain and consciousness has been at the center of philosophy and less so, of science. This so-called bottom-up and top-down interrelationship is controversial and is the subject of our article. We would like to ask: how does it happen that consciousness may provoke structural changes in the brain? The living brain means continuous changes at the synaptic level with every new experience, with every new process of learning, memorizing or mastering new and existing skills. Synapses are generated and dissolved, while others are preserved, in an ever-changing process of so-called neuroplasticity. Ongoing processes of synaptic reinforcements and decay occur during wakefulness when consciousness is present, but also during sleep when it is mostly absent. We suggest that consciousness influences brain neuroplasticity both during wakefulness as well as sleep in a top-down way. This means that consciousness really activates synaptic flow and changes brain structures and functional organization. The dynamic impact of consciousness on brain never stops despite the relative stationary structure of the brain. Such a process can be a target for medical intervention, e.g., by cognitive training.

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The Visual Brain in Action

Cited by 1,759 publications

References 0 publications

Fitting objects into holes: On the development of spatial cognition skills.

Fitting objects into holes: On the development of spatial cognition skills.

Memory for pantomimed actions versus actions with real objects

Consciousness, brain, neuroplasticity

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