The visual control of interceptive steering: How do people steer a car to intercept a moving target?

Zhao, Huaiyong; Straub, Dominik; Rothkopf, Constantin A.

doi:10.1167/19.14.11

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Subsequently, the mean timeseries in each bin was computed across trials for each subject to yield a normalised mean time series for each condition. A similar data analysis was used in Zhao et al (2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apparatus. We used the same apparatus as in Zhao et al (2019). Participants sat in a chair and steered a force feedback steering wheel (Driving Force GT, Logitech, Newark, CA, USA) fixed to a desk in front of the chair.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initial location and moving direction of the target were mirrored left/right about the z-axis in different trials and data were collapsed in the analysis. A trial ended if the centre of the car was within a distance of 0.8 m to the target centre or if the car went beyond the line z = 54 m. An environment similar to the textured-ground environment has been used previously in Zhao et al (2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Zhao et al (2019), we asked participants to steer a car to intercept a target which moved at 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0 m/s in a virtual environment. Participants steered curved interception paths and maintained the target-heading angle at an approximately constant value, and the target's bearing angle continuously changed during interception.…”

Section: Locomotor Interception Strategies In Steering Interception Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human actors perform interception using different end-effectors, such as sailors steering their ship to catch another moving vessel at sea and policemen driving a car to intercept a moving target in an open field. By asking participants to steer a car to intercept a moving target in a virtual environment, it has been shown recently that interceptive steering is consistent with the constant target-heading (CTH) strategy, that is, during interception the target is maintained at a constant angle relative to the current heading direction (Zhao et al, 2019). However, as participants in that study performed interception in a virtual environment, which provided only limited visual information about allocentric reference frames, the question arises, whether the CTH strategy or other interception strategies are used in different environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How do people steer a car to intercept a moving target: Interceptions in different environments point to one strategy

Zhao

Straub

Rothkopf

2021

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Which strategy people use to guide locomotor interception remains unclear despite considerable research and the importance of an answer with ramification into the heuristics and biases debate. Because the constant bearing (CB) strategy corresponds to the target-heading (CTH) strategy with an additional constraint, these two strategies can be confounded experimentally. But, the two strategies are distinct in the information they require: while the CTH strategy only requires access to the relative angle between the direction of motion and the target, the CB strategy requires access to a stable allocentric reference frame. Here, we manipulated the visual information about allocentric reference frames in three virtual environments and asked participants to steer a car to intercept a moving target. Participants’ interception paths showed different degrees of curvature and their target-heading angles were approximately constant, consistent with the CTH strategy. By contrast, the target’s bearing angle continuously changed in all participants except one. This particular participant produced linear interception paths with little change in the target’s bearing angle, seemingly consistent with both strategies. This participant continued this pattern of steering even in the environment without any visual information about allocentric reference frames. Therefore, this pattern of steering is attributed to the CTH strategy rather than the CB strategy. The overall results add important evidence for the conclusion that locomotor interception is better accounted for by the CTH strategy and that experimentally observing a straight interception trajectory with a constant bearing angle is not sufficient evidence for the CB strategy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Locomotor Interception Strategies In Steering Interception Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How do people steer a car to intercept a moving target: Interceptions in different environments point to one strategy

Zhao

Straub

Rothkopf

2021

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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People learn a two-stage control for faster locomotor interception

Zhao

Straub

Rothkopf

2023

Psychological Research

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People can use the constant target-heading (CTH) strategy or the constant bearing (CB) strategy to guide their locomotor interception. But it is still unclear whether people can learn new interception behavior. Here, we investigated how people learn to adjust their steering to intercept targets faster. Participants steered a car to intercept a moving target in a virtual environment similar to a natural open field. Their baseline interceptions were better accounted for by the CTH strategy. After five learning sessions across multiple days, in which participants received feedback about their interception durations, they adopted a two-stage control: a quick initial burst of turning accompanied by an increase of the target-heading angle during early interception was followed by significantly less turning with small changes in target-heading angle during late interception. The target’s bearing angle did not only show this two-stage pattern but also changed comparatively little during late interception, leaving it unclear which strategy participants had adopted. In a following test session, the two-stage pattern of participants’ turning adjustment and the target-heading angle transferred to new target conditions and a new environment without visual information about an allocentric reference frame, which should preclude participants from using the CB strategy. Indeed, the pattern of the target’s bearing angle did not transfer to all the new conditions. These results suggest that participants learned a two-stage control for faster interception: they learned to quickly increase the target-heading angle during early interception and subsequently follow the CTH strategy during late interception.

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Visual guidance of locomotor interception is based on nulling changes in target bearing (not egocentric target direction nor target-heading angle)

Casanova

Ceyte

Bootsma

2022

Human Movement Science

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The visual control of interceptive steering: How do people steer a car to intercept a moving target?

Cited by 14 publications

References 54 publications

How do people steer a car to intercept a moving target: Interceptions in different environments point to one strategy

How do people steer a car to intercept a moving target: Interceptions in different environments point to one strategy

People learn a two-stage control for faster locomotor interception

Visual guidance of locomotor interception is based on nulling changes in target bearing (not egocentric target direction nor target-heading angle)

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