The visual perception of smoothly curved surfaces from minimal apparent motion sequences

Todd, James T.; Norman, J. Farley

doi:10.3758/bf03207535

Cited by 130 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…Another reason that it is of interest to examine two frame motion is the recent suggestion of Todd and others (Bennett, Hoffman & Prakash, 1989;Todd & Bressan, 1990;Todd & Norman, 1991) concerning the representation produced by structure from motion. Their hypothesis is that metric structure is not available from kinetic depth.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Speed discrimination thresholds, which provide a basic limitation on the processing of structure-from-motion, are less than 5% at speeds greater than 3 deg/sec (McKee, 1981). There are few data on the precision of structure-from-motion judgements (but see Todd & Norman, 1991).…”

Section: Rationale For Studying Stereo-motion Combinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If only two motion frames are available. it may not be possible to calculate object shape correctly (Todd & Norman 1991). Nonetheless, given only two pairs of frames from a binocular motion sequence it is still possible to calculate veridical depths (e.g.…”

Section: Preuious Work On Stereo-motion Combinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integration of stereopsis and motion shape cues

Cumming²,

1994

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A global shape judgement task was used to investigate the combination of stereopsis and kinetic depth. With botb cues present, there were no distortions of shape perception, even under conditions where either cue alone did show such distortions. We suggest that the addition of motion information overcomes the stereo distance scaling problem. However, when incongruent combinations of disparity and motion were used, the results did not match predictions of a number of combination theories. These data could be described by a model which used weighted linear combination afier correctly scaling disparities for viewing distance. When the motion cue was weakened by presenting only two frames of each motion sequence, stereo was weighted more heavily.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rationale For Studying Stereo-motion Combinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integration of stereopsis and motion shape cues

Cumming²,

1994

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“…Such psychophysical studies include, for example, those on object rigidity (Todd, 1984), perceived depth or curvature (Dosher, Landy, & Sperling, 1989;Norman & Lappin, 1992;Saidpour, Braunstein, & Hoffman, 1992), minimal conditions for the perception of 3-D shape from motion in multidot displays (Sperling, Landy, Dosher, & Perkins, 1989;Todd & Norman, 1991;Treue, Husain, & Andersen, 1991), projection methods (Todd, 1984), and token dependency (Landy, Dosher, Sperling, & Perkins, 1991).…”

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confidence: 99%

Discrimination of 3-D shape and 3-D curvature from motion in active vision

Damme

Oosterhoff

Grind

1994

Perception & Psychophysics

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We examined the ability of human observers to discriminate between different 3-D quadratic surfaces defined by motion, and with head position fed back to the stimulus to provide an up-todate dynamical perspective view. We tested whether 3-D shape or 3-D curvature would affect discrimination performance. It appeared that discrimination of 3-D quadratic shape clearly depended on shape but not on the amount of curvature. Even when the amount of curvature was randomized, subjects' performance was not altered. On the other hand, the discrimination of 3-D curvature clearly depended linearly on curvature with Weber fractions of 20% on the average and, to a small degree, on 3-D shape. The experiment shows that observers can easily separate 3-D shape and 3-D curvature, and that Koenderink's shape index and curvedness provide a convenient way to specify shape. These results warn us against using just any arbitrary 3-D shape in 3-D shape perception tasks and indicate, for example, that emphasizing 3-D shape in computer displays by exaggerating curvature does not have any effect.Since Wallach and O'Connell (1953) demonstrated that three-dimensional (3-D) shape could be extracted from orthographic projections of rotating objects, there have been numerous studies of this phenomenon, which is commonly known as the kinetic depth effect. Such psychophysical studies include, for example, those on object rigidity (Todd, 1984), perceived depth or curvature (Dosher, Landy, & Sperling, 1989;Norman & Lappin, 1992;Saidpour, Braunstein, & Hoffman, 1992), minimal conditions for the perception of 3-D shape from motion in multidot displays (Sperling, Landy, Dosher, & Perkins, 1989;Todd & Norman, 1991;Treue, Husain, & Andersen, 1991), projection methods (Todd, 1984), and token dependency (Landy, Dosher, Sperling, & Perkins, 1991).The most common way to study the phenomenon of 3-D shape from motion is to use random dot cinematograms of moving 3-D objects. The objects under study are mostly cylinders, planes, or spheres. There is no reason to assume that the results of these studies hold for all kinds of 3-D shapes, but most studies have not included a wide range of shapes or curvature values. On the other hand, the importance of a multiobject study has been pointed out by several authors. Norman and Lappin (1992) reported differences in discriminability between cylinders and spheres, spheres and planes, and cylinders and planes. for example, might have certain heuristic topological characteristics that would make them special objects, not suitable for a generalization to other 3-D objects. It has to be examined yet what exactly these "heuristic" properties are. It is well possible that a certain systematic 3-D shape dependency in structure from motion is responsible for this effect. A quantitative examination of 3-D shape perception obviously requires a mathematical defInition on-D shape. On the other hand, if we want to study 3-D shape perception in psychophysical experiments, this definition must be in some way ecologically valid so that ...

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“…Psychophysical results show that human performance on some sfm tasks is at least broadly consistent with predictions based on the rigidity assumption (Wallach and O'Connell 1953;Koenderik 1986). More recent affine models are based only on local velocity information, rather than on the entire optic flow field, to account for human perception (Todd and Bressan 1990;Todd and Norman 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unified probabilistic model of the perception of three-dimensional structure from optic flow

Colas

et al. 2007

Biol Cybern

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To cite this version:Francis Colas, Jacques Droulez, Mark Wexler, Pierre Bessiere. A unified probabilistic model of the perception of three-dimensionnal structure from optic flow. Human observers can perceive the threedimensional (3-D) structure of their environment using vari.. 2006. The date of receipt and acceptance will be inserted by the editor Abstract Human observers can perceive the threedimensional (3-D) structure of their environment using various cues, an important one of which is motion parallax. The motion of any point's projection on the retina depends both on the point's movement in space and on its distance from the eye. Therefore, retinal motion can be used to extract the 3-D structure of the environment and the shape of objects, in a process known as structurefrom-motion (sfm). However, because many combinations of 3-D structure and motion can lead to the same optic flow, sfm is an ill-posed inverse problem. The rigidity assumption is a constraint supposed to formally solve the sfm problem and to account for human performance. Recently, however, a number of psychophysical results, in both moving and stationary human observers, have shown that the rigidity assumption alone cannot account for sfm, but no model is known to account for the new results. Here, we construct a Bayesian model of sfm based on only one new assumption, that of stationarity, coupled with the assumption of rigidity. The predictions of the model, calculated using a new and powerful methodology called Bayesian programming, account for a wide variety of experimental findings.

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The visual perception of smoothly curved surfaces from minimal apparent motion sequences

Cited by 130 publications

References 54 publications

Integration of stereopsis and motion shape cues

Integration of stereopsis and motion shape cues

Discrimination of 3-D shape and 3-D curvature from motion in active vision

A unified probabilistic model of the perception of three-dimensional structure from optic flow

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