“…While we know why China engages in international image management, so far we are just in the early stages to understand the implications of its image management due to a research focus on descriptive studies analyzing individual instruments of China’s image management. Media operations are frequently researched (Gao et al, 2017; Marsh, 2018; Thussu, de Burgh, & Shi, 2018; Zhang, Wasserman, & Mano, 2016) and the usage of Confucius Institutes (CIs; Gil, 2017; Hartig, 2016) or China’s image management in specific regions (Alexander, 2014), especially in Africa (Batchelor & Zhang, 2017; Jiang, Li, Rønning, & Tjønneland, 2016; Zhang et al, 2016), have gained academic attention.…”