The Volume of Breast Milk Intake in Infants and Young Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rios-Leyvraz, Magali; Yao, Qisi

doi:10.1089/bfm.2022.0281

Cited by 38 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Although randomized controlled trials have not replicated these effects, many of the trials in adults conducted to date have been small ( n < 100 per group) and/or of short duration [27–29, 31], which could limit the validity of their results and make identifying differences between groups difficult. However, the data reported here from week 12 of the large SWITCH trial reinforce the earlier findings of these existing randomized controlled trials as well as the conclusions of a large meta‐analysis of intervention studies [21], namely that NNS beverages have similar effects as water on weight loss [17, 20]. Moreover, data from the SSFFQ in SWITCH show that participants in both the NNS and water groups significantly reduced their consumption of added sugar over the 12 weeks compared with baseline.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Similarly, a meta‐analysis of intervention studies found neutral effects of low‐calorie sweetener consumption on body weight when compared with water/nothing and beneficial effects when compared with sugar [21]. For beverages specifically, which have been the subject of most of the studies conducted to date, findings have suggested that weight‐loss outcomes with non‐nutritive sweetened (NNS) beverages are similar to those with water and are greater compared with sugar‐sweetened beverages [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of non‐nutritive sweetened beverages versus water after a 12‐week weight‐loss program: A randomized controlled trial

Harrold

Hill

Radu

et al. 2023

Obesity

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Objective: The aim of this study was to compare non-nutritive sweetened (NNS) beverages versus water for weight loss after a 12-week behavioral weightmanagement program.Methods: This is an ongoing, 2-year, parallel-group, open-label, controlled equivalence trial; week-12 data are reported. Adults with BMI of 27 to 35 kg/m 2 who regularly drank cold beverages were randomized 1:1 to intention-to-treat water or NNS beverages while undergoing a weekly 12-week group behavioral weightmanagement program. Weight change to week 12 was the primary end point (equivalence: two-sided p > 0.05); changes in waist and hip circumference, blood pressure, glycemic control markers, fasting lipid profiles, liver function tests, hunger (visual analog scale), sugar and sweetener consumption, and activity levels were secondary end points.Results: Overall, 493 participants were randomized (water: n = 246; NNS beverages: n = 247); 24.1% were NNS beverage naïve. Weight change was equivalent with water versus NNS beverages (À5.6 vs. À5.8 kg; difference [90% CI]: À0.2 kg [À0.7 to 0.4]). There were no significant differences between groups for secondary end points except reductions in waist circumference (greater with NNS beverages vs. water), glycated hemoglobin, and consumption of any type of sweetener (both greater with water vs. NNS beverages).Conclusions: Weight loss was equivalent with NNS beverages and water following a 12-week behavioral weight-management program.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of non‐nutritive sweetened beverages versus water after a 12‐week weight‐loss program: A randomized controlled trial

Harrold

Hill

Radu

et al. 2023

Obesity

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“…There is wide variation, however, in other products covered. Most excise taxes (78 of 104 [75%]) cover low-calorie sweetened beverages, for which there is emerging but inconclusive evidence of health risks associated with consumption . Three-quarters of excise taxes also apply to concentrates (81 of 104 [78%]); however, less than half (45 of 104 [43%]) apply to sweetened milk-based drinks.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Coverage and Design of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes

Hattersley

Mandeville

2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceSugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes are gaining in popularity. The lack of a comprehensive repository of standardized data on SSB taxes and their designs, however, has stymied understanding of current practice in SSB taxes.ObjectiveTo assess the coverage and design of SSB taxes worldwide using the new Global SSB Tax Database.Evidence ReviewSugar-sweetened beverage taxes were collated from existing data sources, hand-searching of peer-reviewed and gray literature, and an internet search. Relevant legislation was identified to verify each tax and extract data on designs.FindingsA total of 118 taxes were verified, including 105 national and 13 subnational taxes. National SSB taxes are in effect in 103 countries and territories, covering 51% of the world’s population. A total of 67% of people living in low-income and 73% in lower-middle–income economies are covered by national SSB taxes, compared with 29% in upper-middle–income and high-income economies. National SSB taxes cover 98% of the population in South Asia compared with only 10% in East Asia and the Pacific. Most SSB taxes are excise taxes (104 of 118 [88%]). Excise taxes in high-income economies are mostly specific (27 of 36 [75%]), whereas ad valorem and mixed taxes are more common in low- and middle-income economies (36 of 66 [55%]). Most specific excise taxes are based on volume only (54 of 59 [92%]), with just 3 jurisdictions applying purely sugar-specific excise taxes. More than half of excise taxes worldwide (55 of 104 [53%]) apply tiered rates, with tiers more commonly defined by beverage type (41 of 55 [75%]) than by sugar content (18 of 55 [33%]). Tiers defined by sugar content are mainly used in high-income countries (13 of 18 [72%]) and Europe and Central Asia (10 of 18 [56%]). Almost one-third of excise taxes worldwide (30 of 104 [29%]) and almost half of excise taxes in low- and middle-income economies (28 of 66 [42%]) apply to unsweetened bottled water.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study provides a comprehensive review of global coverage and design of SSB taxes. Sugar-sweetened beverage tax coverage is higher than previously reported, with clear differences in designs between regions and income groups. These findings can inform a more empirically grounded approach to SSB tax guidance.

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“…Randomised controlled trials suggest that people consuming non-sugar sweeteners as a replacement for sugars have a lower body weight or BMI at the end of the trial, but longer-term prospective cohort studies suggest there be an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease with consumption of non-sugar sweeteners. 66 It is possible these observed associations with harmful effects are due to reverse causation and/or residual confounding. We did not model the effects, if any, of possible increases in consumption of non-sugar sweeteners on population health due to the SDIL.…”

Section: Strengths and Weaknesses Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Population health and health sector cost impacts of the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy: a modelling study

Cobiac,

Law,

Smith

et al. 2023

Preprint

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ObjectiveTo model future impacts of the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) on population health and health sector costs, and to estimate net monetary benefit to the health system.DesignProportional multi-state lifetable modelling studySettingUnited KingdomPopulationAll children and adultsInterventionThe SDIL is a two-tier levy of £0.18 per litre on drinks with between 5g and 8g of total sugars per 100mL, and £0.24 per litre on drinks with 8g or more of total sugars per 100mL. We estimated a per person reduction in sugar from previous interrupted time series analysis, which found an 8.0 g/household/week (95% confidence interval: 2.4 to 13.6) reduction in sugar in purchased drinks at one year after implementation.Main outcome measuresWe evaluated impact of the sugar reduction on: (a) prevalence of overweight and obesity, obesity-related diseases and dental health out to 2050; and (b) lifetime population health (measured in quality-adjusted life years [QALYs]), change in costs to the health sector and the resulting net monetary benefit.ResultsThe model predicts that the SDIL will reduce prevalence of overweight and obesity in the UK by 0.18 percentage points (95% uncertainty interval: 0.059 to 0.31) for males and 0.20 percentage points (0.064 to 0.34) for females, for as long as the sugar-reduction effects of the SDIL are sustained. In the first ten years of implementation, the reductions in sugar and overweight/obesity are predicted to prevent 270,000 (35,000 to 600,000) dental caries, 12,000 (3,700 to 20,000) cases of type 2diabetes, 3,800 (1,200 to 6,700) cases of cardiovascular diseases, and 350 (110 to 590) cases of obesity-related cancer. For the current UK population, it is estimated the SDIL will add 200,000 QALYs (63,500 to 342,000) over their lifetime and avert £174 million (£53.6 to £319) in their costs of health care (discounted at UK Treasury rates). At a UK Treasury value of £60,000 per QALY, it is estimated the SDIL will produce a net monetary benefit of £12.2 billion (£3.88 to £20.8) for the health system.ConclusionThis study of the UK SDIL tiered tax on sugar content provides further evidence that sugar- sweetened beverage taxes have the potential to achieve meaningful improvements in population health and reduce health sector spending.What is already known on this topicNumerous modelling studies have shown that sugar-sweetened beverage taxes are likely to be cost-effective and improve population health, whether the tax is applied on the volume of product or to the sugar content (absolute or tiered), but there have been few modelling studies that have been informed by evaluation of real-world taxes.A volumetric sugar-sweetened beverage tax of 1 peso per litre, implemented in Mexico in 2014, reduced purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages by 7.6% in the first two years, and health economic modelling estimated that it would be cost-effective from a health sector perspective.In the UK, the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL), announced in March 2016 and implemented in April 2018, was designed as a tiered levy to encourage soft drink manufacturers to reduce sugar content. Follow-up at one year indicates that it has reduced purchases of sugar from drinks by 8.0 g/household/week (95% confidence interval: 2.4 to 13.6).What this study addsPopulation health modelling suggests that changes in sugar consumption due to the SDIL will reduce prevalence of overweight/obesity and related diseases and improve dental health in the UK, including 12,000 (95% uncertainty interval: 3,700 to 20,000) fewer cases of type 2 diabetes, 3,800 (1,200 to 6,700) fewer cases of cardiovascular diseases, 350 (110 to 590) fewer cases of obesity-related cancer, and 270,000 (35,000 to 600,000) fewer dental caries, in the first ten years after implementation.Health economic modelling indicates that over the lifetime of the current UK population the SDIL could add 200,000 quality-adjusted life years (63,500 to 342,000) and avert £174 million (£53.6 to £319) in health care costs, leading to a net monetary benefit of £12.2 billion (£3.88 to £20.8) for the health sector.This study of the UK SDIL tiered tax on sugar content provides further evidence that sugar- sweetened beverage taxes have the potential to achieve meaningful improvements in population health and reduce health sector spending.

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The Volume of Breast Milk Intake in Infants and Young Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 38 publications

References 24 publications

Effects of non‐nutritive sweetened beverages versus water after a 12‐week weight‐loss program: A randomized controlled trial

Effects of non‐nutritive sweetened beverages versus water after a 12‐week weight‐loss program: A randomized controlled trial

Global Coverage and Design of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes

Population health and health sector cost impacts of the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy: a modelling study

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