The Vulnerability of Bajau Laut as Stateless People in Sabah

Abstract

The Bajau Laut, or Sea Bajau or also often referred to with the derogatory label Palauh by other communities, are known to be living within their ancestral domain of the Sulu and the Celebes Seas or the Sulu-Semporna-South Sulawesi Triangle. During the Pre-British period, their mobility around this region was well established as part of their civilization and was not an issue with other peoples in the land-based territories. However, the legal status of the Bajau Laut became problematic when citizenship and territories were formalized by the emergence of the nation-states of the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. In the case of the Bajau Laut population located on the Malaysian side of Sabah, the dynamics of their own internal development has become more complicated. In Sabah there are three groups of Bajau: the West Coast Bajau, the various groups of East Coast Bajau, and the Bajau Laut who can be found along Sabah’s east coast, and around the islands off of Semporna. These three groups can be differentiated by their language and dialects, as well as livelihood, status in life, education, community structure and their general worldviews. The West Coast Bajau and the East Coast Bajau have slowly integrated themselves into the Malaysian society, while the Bajau Laut continues their semi-nomadic life at sea and are generally regarded as stateless by the Malaysian government. This paper looks into the changes that has occurred within the Bajau Laut group and how they are viewed by the Sabah government and society. One of the main finding of this paper is that the status of the Bajau Laut as stateless has made them more vulnerable and easily exploited. This in turn presents as a possible security problem to the state as these people pledges allegiance to no one.

The incidence, and spatial trends of cholera in Sabah over 15 years: Repeated outbreaks in coastal areas

“…Sea Gypsies, locally known as the ‘Palauh’, are nomads and practice a seafaring lifestyle. They reside in coastal districts; Kudat on the west coast and Semporna on the east coast of Sabah [ 16 , 17 ] .…”

Digitalisation of birth registration system in Malaysia: Boon or bane for the hard-to-reach and marginalised?

“…Most out-of-system births are predominantly due to financial constraints. Other barriers include a preference for traditional medicine practices among the Bajau Laut communities ( Wan Hassan and Peters, 2020 ), lack of complete documents and a complicated application process. Indeed, many parents gave up when the process became too complicated and costly, especially for late registration of births which requires even more documents ( Baltazar et al., 2019 ).…”

Swimming against the currents: Our experience providing primary healthcare services for the stateless community in Semporna

“…The Bajau Laut’s presence and freedom of movement within their ancestral domain in the Sulu and Celebes Seas or the Sulu–Semporna–South Sulawesi Triangle have been well-established since the pre-British era. 2 Challenges have arisen regarding their legal standing as the formalisation of citizenship and territories has occurred with the emergence of the nation-states of the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. In Sabah, there are three groups of Bajau: The West Coast Bajau, the various groups of East Coast Bajau and the Bajau Laut residing along Sabah’s east coast and surrounding islands near Semporna.…”

“…The West Coast and East Coast Bajau have gradually assimilated into Malaysian society, whereas the Bajau Laut maintains a semi-nomadic maritime lifestyle and is typically considered stateless by the Malaysian government. 2 …”