The water-soluble B-vitamins other than aneurin (vitamin B1), riboflavin and nicotinic acid required by the pig

Abstract

FROM the results of previous work [Birch et al. 1937; Chick et al. 1938, 1, 2] it was concluded that young pigs could be reared successfully on a diet of maize and purified casein with the addition of a suitable salt mixture, provided that nicotinic acid were also given. Similar experiments made on rats showed that the addition of nicotinic acid was not required for this species [Chick et al. 1938, 2].The fact that an extraneous source of nicotinic acid or its amide does not appear to be required by the rat is responsible for the misleading results of researches into the aetiology of pellagra in which this animal was used. The dog, the pig and the monkey appear to resemble more closely the human being in their requirement of nicotinic acid in their food and consequently in their failure to maintain health on diets consisting too largely of maize.The vitamin requirements of different species of animals being so various, it seemed worth while to ascertain what other heat-stable, water-soluble, accessory factors in addition to nicotinic acid and riboflavin, are required by pigs. Whatever they may be, it is clear from our previous observations [Chick et al. 1938, 1, 2] that they are contained in whole maize in sufficient amount when it comprises 80 % of the diet.Edgar & Macrae [1937] have concluded that at least two other " B2-vitamins " are necessary for rats. One of these they call "ifiltrate", the other "eluate" factor. Fractions containing these two factors were originally derived from yeast but Edgar et al. [1938, 2] have also separated similar fractions, using somewhat modified methods, from a water-acetone extract of liver.In the present enquiry we are dealing with "filtrate fraction" and ''eluate fraction" as described by Edgar and Macrae and prepared by their methods. Fractions derived by similar methods from yeast, liver and rice polishings have been prepared by Lepkovsky et al. [1936] and by other workers. The relation of these to those employed by us will be discussed later. EXPERIMENTAL METHODSIt was first necessary to find a simple basal diet suitable for young pigs which would contain an adequate amount of vitamins A, D and E and of linoleic acid but which was as free as possible from water-soluble vitamins. To the basal diet a mixture containing vitamin B1 (aneurin), riboflavin and nicotinic acid, all ( 2207 )

Nutritional Cytopenia in Monkeys Receiving the Goldberger Diet

“…Somewhat similar experiments have been reported on dogs (17)(18)(19)(20), on rats (21-25), on pigs (26)(27)(28)(29), and on pigeons (30,31). It is impossible to say at the present time which of these experimental blood dyscrasias may be the result of the deficiency that we are dealing with in our experiments on the monkey.…”

Vitamin B-6 Metabolism and Interactions with TNAP

“…Brain does not conserve vitamin B-6 as well as muscle during severe dietary vitamin B-6 deficiency. Early studies of vitamin B-6 deficiency reported seizures in dogs (Fouts et al 1938), pigs (Chick et al 1938) and rats (Chick et al 1940). In humans seizures have been observed as a result of dietary vitamin B-6 deficiency (Coursin 1955) and genetic disorders of vitamin B-6 metabolism (Footitt et al 2013;Dakshinamurti and Dakshinamurti 2014).…”

Synthesis of porphyrins by cell suspensions of Tetrahymena vorax: effect of members of the vitamin B group

“…Studies of animal nutrition have shown that many B group vitamins are concemed, directly or indirectly, in haemopoiesis (see Lemberg & Legge, 1949;Jukes, 1953). In particular, dietary deficiency of pyridoxine results in hypochromic anaemia in pigs, dogs and rats (Chick, Macrae, Martin & Martin, 1938;Fouts, Helmer & Lepkovsky, 1940;Kornberg, Tabor & Sebrell, 1945). The concentration of free protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes of pyridoxine-deficient pigs was found by Cartwright & Wintrobe (1948) to be markedly lower than that in the control animals, suggesting that this vitamin is directly concerned in the synthesis of protoporphyrin.…”