“…Of the models participating in the EMF 32 modeling exercise, four allow for the consideration of effects across income groups. These are DIEM (Ross, 2014a,b, 2018), USREP-ReEDS (Rausch and Mowers, 2014; Caron et al , 2018), ADAGE (ADAGE-US) (Ross, 2009; Woollacott, 2018), and IGEM (Jorgenson et al , 2012, 2013, 2018). These and a fifth model, NewERA (Tuladhar et al , 2012), are able to consider the effects across U.S. regions.…”