The Welfare of Domestic Goats (Capra hircus) in a Zoo-Based Animal-Visitor Interaction Program

Abstract

We investigated whether the welfare of domestic goats in an animal-visitor interaction experience at a zoo was affected by the presence and behavior of visitors. We considered how the number of visitors in the goats’ habitat and visitor proximity to the goats impacted goat behavior. We also considered the goats’ behavior toward visitors, use of retreat space, and whether the visitors’ interaction style, specifically, how the visitors groomed the goats, was predictive of changes in the goats’ behavior. We conducted 29 hr of focal follows on 7 domestic goats (Capra hircus) at Lincoln Park Zoo, and analyzed data using mixed effects models. We found that goats preferred to be in the visitor yard as visitor numbers increased, and goat behaviors did not change as visitor numbers increased to the maximum allowed (16 people). There were no differences in rates of conspecific aggression or affiliation based on visitor presence or visitor interactions. However, there was a decrease in feeding and increase in self-maintenance behaviors specifically while visitors were in close proximity and interacting with goats. Furthermore, visitor-directed behavior, specifically head tossing, was more common when visitors groomed goats in an improper way. Overall, this study demonstrates that domestic goat welfare was relatively unaffected by the simple presence of visitors when maximum visitor limits were in place and retreat options were available, but that goats were sensitive to visitor interaction styles. These findings support the idea that domestic goats may be appropriate candidates for human-visitor interaction programs under specific conditions.

The Impacts of a Commercial Bubble Curtain on Zoo-Housed African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) Swimming Behavior

“…The behaviors observed suggest that at least some of the penguins found the bubble curtain enriching and indicate that a bubble curtain could be used to facilitate enriching experiences for some zoo-housed penguins. Importantly, this study highlights how animals have individualized responses to the care and enrichment provided, as has been seen in a wide range of species (e.g., goats (Capra hircus) [26]; chickens (Gallus gallus) [27]; squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) [28]; dolphins (Tursiops truncates) [29]; polar bears (Ursus maritimus) [30]; gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) [31]), as well as this colony of African penguins [14].…”

Relationship between Ear Temperature, Behaviour and Stress Hormones in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) during Different Interactive Activities in Zoos

“…Observation and body temperature measurements are required when people participate in situations involving them. Ethically advancing the use of this species in zoos involves evaluating the animals' experiences, including human interaction and contact, during interactive activities [33][34][35]. This aligns with the current practice of AVIP and is of significant importance.…”

Do zoo‐housed primates retreat from crowds? A simple study of five primate species

“…given that some studies have found that visitor behavior may impact animal behavior independent of the number of visitors (Birke, 2002;Choo et al, 2011;Ramont et al, 2021b;Woods et al, 2019).…”

“…A final limitation is that we did not have information about the behavior or activity levels of visitors. We believe it would be valuable to explore these measures in future work, given that some studies have found that visitor behavior may impact animal behavior independent of the number of visitors (Birke, 2002 ; Choo et al, 2011 ; Ramont et al, 2021b ; Woods et al, 2019 ).…”