The Western Outer Carpathians: Origin and evolution

Geology of the Magura Nappe, south-western Gorce Mountains (Outer Carpathians, Poland)

“…The Western Carpathians are subdivided into externides (the Outer Carpathians) and internides (including the Central and Inner Carpathians; Golonka et al, 2018;Golonka, Pietsch, et al, 2019;Golonka, Waśkowska, et al, 2019;Golonka et al, 2020;Książkiewicz, 1977;Plašienka, 2018), both distinctly bounded by the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Figure 2(A,B)). The recent geological structure of the Western Carpathians is a result of plate tectonics which led to a collision of the Central Carpathian, which is part of the Adriatic (Apulian) plate, with the northern European Plate (Golonka, Pietsch, et al, 2019;Golonka, Waśkowska, et al, 2019;Golonka et al, 2020). As part of a subduction process, the European Plate is sliding towards the south beneath the Adriatic (Apulian) Plate (Golonka, Waśkowska, et al, 2019;Golonka et al, 2020).…”

Provenance of Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene Krosno Formation sandstones in the Skole Nappe (southeast Poland): New insights from heavy minerals

“…(Kotlarczyk & Leśniak, 1990), perhaps from the Marmarosh Massif (Figure 1). Koszarski and Żytko (1959) regarded that the massif existed during sedimentation of the Lower Krosno Beds and disappeared during sedimentation of the Middle Krosno Beds, after which the Silesian and Skole basins were fused into the Krosno Basin (or the remnant Menilite-Krosno Basin; see Golonka et al, 2019;. Żgiet (1961) suggested that the material of the Krosno Formation in the Skole and Silesian nappes derives from the same source except for thick-bedded sandstones in the Bieszczady Mountains, thereby questioning the existence of Sanok Island.…”

“…Książkiewicz (1956) and Koszarski and Żytko (1959) suggested that the material of the Krosno Formation was derived partly from the erosion of older flysch sediments. Another proposal states that the Krosno Formation in general is related to the migration of the orogenic front (Poprawa, Malata, & Oszczypko, 2002), which supplied material to the formation (Golonka et al, 2019) and was deposited in front of an "accretionary prism" (Bojanowski, 2007), which is understood rather as a stack of nappes, without clear relation to convergent plate boundary.…”

“…Figure 2). Tectogenesis of the Polish Carpathians is complex and ambiguous in several aspects (see Golonka & Picha, 2006;Golonka, Waśkowska, & Ślączka, 2019;Kuśmierek & Baran, 2016;Oszczypko, 2006, and references therein). Nevertheless, the majority of researchers agree that at least the Skole and Silesian basins in the northern Carpathians originated on a rifted margin of the European Platform in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.…”

“…The original spatial relationships between the palaeogeographic units are somewhat disturbed by tectonic rotation (e.g., Pospíšil et al, 2006;Unrug, 1980), but the scale and regional variability of the distortions remain controversial. The Silesian Basin was separated from the Dukla Basin and the Magura Basin by the Bukowiec and Silesian cordilleras, which are located in the same chain of interbasinal ridges (Figure 1; Dżułyński & Ślączka, 1959) and considered as the same unit, i.e., the Silesian Cordillera only (Golonka et al, 2019). The Magura Basin probably originated on a suboceanic crust.…”