The Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run

Hoffman, Martin D.; Wegelin, Jacob A.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a8d553

Cited by 160 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Some authors 3,4,6,10 pointed out the fastest finishers in ultramarathon races are master runners (>35 years old), and many years of specific training and races completed 4,6,10 are probably what they have in common with few exceptions to this rule (e.g. Kilian Jornet, Scott Jurek surprising that older runners are also considered better pacers than youngers in long distance events 10,13,15 .…”

Section: Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…adopt a pacing strategy 1,2 . With the growth in popularity of ultramarathons [3][4][5][6] , a few studies have investigated pacing strategies in extreme distances ranging from 100 to 161 km [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] , but none has done so in a 24-h running race. Besides the latter being longer-at least for well-trained athletes-time-based races might potentially affect how runners pace their efforts 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies have also investigated how sex [3][4][5]12,[15][16][17][18][19] , age group 3,4,6,10,12,13,[15][16][17][18] and race edition 3,7,8,10,17 interact with performance and/or pacing strategies in both marathon and ultramarathon-distance running. For example, women are considered better pacers than men because they usually slow down less in the second half of marathon [15][16][17] and ultramarathon running races; presumably due to physiological 15,17,20,21 and/or psychological 12,16,22 differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whether women will outrun men in ultra-marathon distances has also been a long-standing debate 5,18,19 . Moreover, studies have demonstrated fastest athletes in ultramarathon running are master competitors (>35 years old) 3,4,6,10 , likely due to many years of specific training and races completed 4,6,10 . Coincidently, older runners are also considered better pacers than youngers, both in marathons 15 and ultramarathons 10,13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running

Bossi¹,

Matta²,

Millet³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: To describe pacing strategy in a 24-h running race and its interaction with sex, age group, athletes' performance group and race edition. Methods: Data from 398 male and 103 female participants of 5 editions were obtained based on a minimum 19.2-h effective-running cut-off. Mean running speed from each hour was normalised to the 24-h mean speed for analyses. Results: Mean overall performance was 135.6 ± 33.0 km with a mean effectiverunning time of 22.4 ± 1.3 h. Overall data showed a reverse J-shaped pacing strategy, with a significant reduction in speed from the second last to the last hour. Two-way mixed ANOVAs showed significant interactions between racing time and both athletes' performance group (F = 7.01; P < 0.001; p 2 = 0.04) and race edition (F = 3.01; P < 0.001; p 2 = 0.02), but not between racing time and both sex (F = 1.57; P = 0.058; p 2 < 0.01) and age group (F = 1.25; P = 0.053; p 2 = 0.01). Pearson's product-moment correlations showed an inverse moderate association between performance and normalised mean running speed in the first 2 h (r = -0.58; P < 0.001) but not in the last 2 h (r = 0.03; P = 0.480). Conclusions:While the general behaviour represents a rough, reverse J-shaped pattern, fastest runners start at lower relative intensities and display a more even pacing strategy than slower runners. The 'herd behaviour' seems to interfere with pacing strategy across editions, but not sex or age group of runners.

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Section: Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running

Bossi¹,

Matta²,

Millet³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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“…There were approximately 1.3 million finishers in 10-km road races in the United States in 2010 (compared with only 507,000 marathon finishers) with median finishing times of 55:56 (minutes:seconds) and 1:04:41 (hours:minutes:seconds) and mean ages of 38.1 and 35.3 years for men and women, respectively (28). However, surprisingly, little data appear in the literature about the evolution of 10-km races over time like there has been with other distances, particularly marathons (1,6,12–15,18,20,27,31,35,36), ultramarathons (12–14,31), and triathlons (22,23,30,34). In general, the “middle-distance” runs (5– and 10-km races) have a scarcity of data despite accounting for the vast majority of participation in American recreational runners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Trends in Large 10-km Road Running Races in the United States

Cushman

Markert²,

Rho

2014

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Our study examines the current trends of runners participating in 10-km road races in the United States. Finish times and ages of all runners participating in 10 of the largest 10-km running races in the United States between 2002–2005 and 2011 were recorded. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine the trends for age, sex, and finishing time for all participants completing the course in <1 hour. A total of 408,296 runners were analyzed. There was a significant annual decrease in the ratio of men to women finishers (p < 0.001, r2 = 0.976). The average finishing time of the top 10 (men, p ≤ 0.05), 100 (men and women, p ≤ 0.05), and 1,000 (men and women, p < 0.01) significantly decreased annually. The total number of subhour finishers increased annually across all races (194 men per year, r2 = 0.584, p = 0.045; 161 women per year, r2 = 0.779, p = 0.008), whereas the percentage of overall finishers completing the course in less than an hour significantly declined for men and women (p ≤ 0.003). There was a significant trend toward younger men in all top groups except for the single fastest runner (p ≤ 0.017). Our study demonstrates that for large 10-km U.S. races: the top men and women seem to be getting faster; there are more subhour finishers, with increasingly more women accomplishing this feat compared with men; an increasingly lower percentage of overall finishers is finishing in <1 hour; and the fastest men are also increasingly younger.

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Cardiac Aging – Benefits of Exercise, Nrf2 Activation and Antioxidant Signaling

Narasimhan¹,

Rajasekaran

2017

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Cardiovascular dysfunction and heart failure associated with aging not only impairs the cardiac function but also the quality of life eventually decreasing the life expectancy of the elderly. Notably, cardiac tissue can prematurely age under certain conditions such as genetic mutation, persistent redox stress and overload, aberrant molecular signaling, DNA damage, telomere attrition, and other pathological insults. While cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality is on the rise and remains a global health threat, there has been only little to moderate improvements in its medical management. This is due to the fact that the lifestyle changes to molecular mechanisms underlying age-related myocardial structure and functional remodeling are multifactorial and intricately operate at different levels. Along these lines, the intrinsic redox mechanisms and oxidative stress (OS) are widely studied in the myocardium. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with age and the resultant oxidative damage has been shown to increase the susceptibility of the myocardium to multiple complications such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiac myopathy, and heart failure. There has been growing interest in trying to enhance the mechanisms that neutralize the ROS and curtailing OS as a possible anti-aging intervention and as a treatment for age-related disorders. Natural defense system to fight against OS involves a master transcription factor named nuclear erythroid-2-p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) that regulates several antioxidant genes. Compelling evidence exists on the Nrf2 gain of function through pharmacological interventions in counteracting the oxidative damage and affords cytoprotection in several organs including but not limited to lung, liver, kidney, brain, etc. Nevertheless, thus far, only a few studies have described the potential role of Nrf2 and its non-pharmacological induction in cardiac aging. This chapter explores the effects of various modes of exercise on Nrf2 signaling along with its responses and ramifications on the cascade of OS in the aging heart.

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The Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run

Cited by 160 publications

References 10 publications

Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running

Pacing Strategy During 24-Hour Ultramarathon-Distance Running

Performance Trends in Large 10-km Road Running Races in the United States

Cardiac Aging – Benefits of Exercise, Nrf2 Activation and Antioxidant Signaling

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