The wild dog—Africa's vanishing carnivore

Fanshawe, John H.; Frame, Lory Herbison; Ginsberg, Joshua R.

doi:10.1017/s0030605300034165

Cited by 110 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Infection of susceptible animals does not require direct contact as transmission may be via inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions or ingestion of contaminated material from the environment (Deem et al, 2000;Steinel et al, 2001). Spillover of canine distemper virus from the domestic dog has already impacted several wild carnivore populations, including African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) (Fanshawe et al, 1991), Santa Catalina Island foxes (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) (Timm et al, 2009), Black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) (Williams et al, 1988) and Lions (Panthera leo) (Roelke-Parker et al, 1996), and has been implicated as a significant concern for the conservation of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in Russia (Gilbert et al, 2014). Multihost viruses such as those listed for Viverridae may pose a threat to the conservation of threatened wild viverrids where their distribution overlaps areas inhabited by unvaccinated domestic carnivores, and must be considered in population management, preventative health measures or in case of disease outbreak.…”

Section: Not Discussedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Pathogens Reported in Species of the Family Viverridae and Their Implications for Human and Animal Health

Wicker

Canfield

Higgins

2016

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Impacts• First collation of previously published organisms isolated from species of the family Viverridae provides baseline information to assist viverrid population management.• Summarizes anthropogenic factors (trade, farming, encroachment on viverrid habitat) bringing viverrids into proximity with humans.• Discusses detected organisms in terms of potential risk for public health given the described anthropogenic factors which facilitate transmission and spillover of organisms between and amongst animals and people. SummaryThe Viverridae is a family of nocturnal carnivores including civets, genets and African linsangs. While a list of known organisms isolated from a species is an essential tool for population management, this review represents the first attempt to collate published reports of organisms isolated from viverrids. A wide range of organisms, including 11 viruses, eight bacterial species, one internal arthropod species, representatives from eight genera of protozoan, 21 genera of nematode, seven genera of cestode, eight genera of trematode and six genera of external arthropod (mites, ticks and louse), have been reported in literature spanning over a century of research. Many of these are capable of infecting multiple hosts, including humans. This is of concern given the anthropogenic factors that bring humans and domestic species into close contact with viverrids, facilitating transmission and spillover of organisms between groups. These factors include trade in viverrids for human consumption, captive management in zoos, rescue centres or on commercial breeding farms, and the increasing overlap of free-ranging viverrid distribution and human settlement.

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Section: Not Discussedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Pathogens Reported in Species of the Family Viverridae and Their Implications for Human and Animal Health

Wicker

Canfield

Higgins

2016

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…As human populations expanded across the globe, many wildlife species, especially carnivores, experienced significant range loss (Fanshawe et al, 1991;Kang et al, 2010;Paquet and Carbyn, 2003). More recently, attitudes and policies have shifted to facilitate species conservation so that expansions into historical range are possible, often through reintroductions (e.g., Bangs et al, 1998;Clark et al, 2002;Raesly, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing priorities for metapopulation conservation at the landscape scale: Wolverines in the Western United States

Inman

Brock²,

Inman

et al. 2013

Biological Conservation

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a b s t r a c tWildlife populations are often influenced by multiple political jurisdictions. This is particularly true for wide-ranging, low-density carnivores whose populations have often contracted and remain threatened, heightening the need for geographically coordinated priorities at the landscape scale. Yet even as modern policies facilitate species recoveries, gaps in knowledge of historical distributions, population capacities, and potential for genetic exchange inhibit development of population-level conservation priorities. Wolverines are an 8-18 kg terrestrial weasel (Mustelidae) that naturally exist at low densities ($5/1000 km 2 )in cold, often snow-covered areas. Wolverines were extirpated, or nearly so, from the contiguous United States by 1930. We used a resource selection function to (1) predict habitat suitable for survival, reproduction and dispersal of wolverines across the western US, (2) make a rough estimate of population capacity, and (3) develop conservation priorities at the metapopulation scale. Primary wolverine habitat (survival) existed in island-like fashion across the western US, and we estimated capacity to be 644 wolverines (95% CI = 506-1881). We estimated current population size to be approximately half of capacity. Areas we predicted suitable for male dispersal linked all patches, but some potential core areas appear to be relatively isolated for females. Reintroduction of wolverines to the Southern Rockies and SierraNevadas has the potential to increase population size by >50% and these regions may be robust to climate change. The Central Linkage Region is an area of great importance for metapopulation function, thus warranting collaborative strategies for maintaining high survival rates, high reproductive rates, and dispersal capabilities. Our analysis can help identify dispersal corridors, release locations for reintroductions, and monitoring targets. The process we used can serve as an example for developing collaborative, landscapescale, conservation priorities for data-sparse metapopulations. Ó

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“…Some ranchers complain that wild dogs cause a local reduction in the abundance of wild ungulates during the denning season, and that their hunting technique results in an increase in skittishness among prey species (Fanshawe, Frame & Ginsberg, 1991;Lindsey et al, 2005a). For most of the year, wild dogs use large home range areas (mean=545 km 2 , Creel & Creel, 2002); however, during the denning period, wild dogs use a restricted range (in South Africa and Zimbabwe, 80 and 125 km 2 , respectively; Gorman, Mills & French, 1992;Pole, 1999), which yields greater potential for wild dogs to impact the behaviour or abundance of their prey compared with other times of the year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation implications of prey responses to wild dogs Lycaon pictus during the denning season on wildlife ranches

Romañach

Lindsey

2008

Animal Conservation

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The spread of game ranching in southern Africa provides opportunities for the reestablishment of populations of endangered wild dogs extirpated by livestock ranchers. However, this potential has not been realized, partly because of negative rancher perceptions. Some ranchers believe that wild dogs impart costs by killing wildlife that could be utilized consumptively. Others complain that wild dogs make ungulates 'skittish' and cause local reductions in prey densities while denning. We compared the skittishness and density of prey species inside and outside the denning home ranges of nine wild dog packs in Zimbabwe. Wild dogs had no impact on prey skittishness, but prey species did occur at lower densities inside denning home ranges. In some scenarios, and particularly on fenced game ranches, wild dogs could cause prey population declines during denning. On small game ranches, the use of fences as a tool by wild dogs during hunting can increase the proportion of large prey species in their diet by up to 11 times, and thus increase the minimum area required to support that diet. In addition, game fencing is typically permeable to wild dogs but not their prey, preventing the recovery of prey populations through the natural influx of prey animals into the denning area following departure of the dogs. Wild dogs could thus impose significant financial costs to game ranchers hosting denning packs. Our findings emphasize the importance of promoting the formation of conservancies, where neighbouring landowners remove boundary fences to create larger contiguous wildlife areas.

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The wild dog—Africa's vanishing carnivore

Cited by 110 publications

References 19 publications

Potential Pathogens Reported in Species of the Family Viverridae and Their Implications for Human and Animal Health

Potential Pathogens Reported in Species of the Family Viverridae and Their Implications for Human and Animal Health

Developing priorities for metapopulation conservation at the landscape scale: Wolverines in the Western United States

Conservation implications of prey responses to wild dogs Lycaon pictus during the denning season on wildlife ranches

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