The “wind of 120days” and dust storm activity over the Sistan Basin

Alizadeh, Omid; Zawar-Reza, Peyman; Sturman, Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.02.001

Cited by 158 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The second peak over this area was in spring, while again there has been a significant reduction in the frequency of dust events during autumn and winter. Similarly, the summer peak has been identified over Tabas and Sistan (Figures 5-8), which is related to the 'wind of 120 days' dominant over these areas from mid-May to mid-September (Alizadeh-Choobari et al, 2014). Within these areas, dust activity is also a prominent feature in spring, but is significantly weakened in autumn and winter.…”

Section: Seasonal and Monthly Variationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…They create a belt of high frequency of dust events along the western foothills of the Zagros Mountains, stretching from west of Iran, passing through Khuzestan and reaching to the coastal plain of the Persian Gulf; (6) in contrast to the high-frequency areas in western Iran, Tabas in east central and Sistan in east to southeast of Iran are mostly influenced by sources of dust in the interior of Iran. Indeed, Paleozoic epicontinental marine sediments were deposited in Tabas (Berberian, 1983), while silt loads are carried by the Hirmand River to the Sistan area (Hickey and Goudie, 2007), and they can be picked up as windblown dust by the 'wind of 120 days' (Alizadeh-Choobari et al, 2014); and (7) significant less frequency of dust events were observed over the southern coastal strip of the Caspian Sea, over which rainfall falls throughout the year and is heavy from late summer to mid winter. A different perspective of the frequency of dust events in terms of the three categories discussed earlier is represented in Figure 3.…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Of Dust Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal variations in the frequency and concentration of dust events over Iran based on surface observations

2015

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Using surface meteorological records of a 20-year period from 1991 to 2010, temporal variations in the frequency and concentration of transported dust events over Iran are investigated. Five regions of frequent dust events are identified. In the order of importance, these areas are the Khuzestan Plain, the coastal plain of the Persian Gulf, west of Iran, Tabas and Sistan. The first three areas create a belt of high frequency of dust events along the western foothills of the Zagros Mountains. The Khuzestan Plain is the area with the highest frequency of dust events, over which dust laden air is almost permanently present in summer, while the coastal plain of the Persian Gulf is the second most affected area. These two areas, along with west of Iran, are mostly influenced by transported dust from sources outside of Iran, while Tabas and Sistan are mostly influenced by arid lands in the interior of Iran. In contrast, the southern coastal strip of the Caspian Sea is the area with the least frequent dust episodes. Throughout Iran, the frequency of dust events strengthens in spring, peaks in summer and significantly weakens in autumn and winter, with the least observed frequency in winter. Significant monthly variations of the frequency of dust events were also identified, with the most and least frequencies in July and December, respectively. In terms of long-term frequency of dust events, our observational analyses show an overall rising trend of the frequency of Iran's dust events in recent years, predominantly attributed to increasingly frequent dust outbreaks in Iraq due to human intervention.

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Section: Seasonal and Monthly Variationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Spatial Distribution Of Dust Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variations in the frequency and concentration of dust events over Iran based on surface observations

2015

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“…Being affected by a series of factors including the complete dryness of Hamoun lakes, the reduction in soil moisture and vegetation cover, and the construction of reservoir dams and irrigation projects upstream (Rashki et al, 2013b;Alizadeh-Choobari et al, 2014), Sistan Basin has now become another significant SDS source in West Asia. Because of the intensity, duration, wind speed and altitude of dust storms in Sistan Basin, dust loading from this area might have an important influence on the development of extreme dust storms, especially in the summer (Rashki et al, 2012).…”

Section: Sistan Basinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of sand and dust storm source areas in Iran

Jian²,

et al. 2015

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Sand and dust storms (SDS) are common phenomena in arid and semi-arid areas. In recent years, SDS frequencies and intensities have increased significantly in Iran. A research on SDS sources is important for understanding the mechanisms of dust generation and assessing its socio-economic and environmental impacts. In this paper, we developed a new approach to identify SDS source areas in Iran using a combination of nine related datasets, namely drought events, temperature, precipitation, location of sandy soils, SDS frequency, human-induced soil degradation (HISD), human influence index (HII), rain use efficiency (RUE) and net primary productivity (NPP) loss. To identify SDS source areas, we firstly normalized these datasets under uniform criteria including layer reprojection using Lambert conformal conic projection, data conversion from shapefile to raster, Min-Max Normalization with data range from 0 to 1, and data interpolation by Kriging and images resampling (resolution of 1 km). After that, a score map for the possibility of SDS sources was generated through overlaying multiple datasets under average weight allocation criterion, in which each item obtained weight equally. In the score map, the higher the score, the more possible a specific area could be regarded as SDS source area. Exceptions mostly came from large cities, like Tehran and Isfahan. As a result, final SDS source areas were mapped out, and Al-Howizeh/Al-Azim marshes and Sistan Basin were identified as main SDS source areas in Iran. The SDS source area in Al-Howizeh/Al-Azim marshes still keeps expanding. In addition, Al-Howizeh/Al-Azim marshes are now suffering rapid land degradation due to natural and human-induced factors and might totally vanish in the near future. Sistan Basin also demonstrates the impacts of soil degradation and wind erosion. With appropriate intensity, duration, wind speed and altitude of the dust storms, sand particles uplifting from this area might have developed into extreme dust storms, especially during the summer.Keywords: sand and dust storm; weight allocation criterion; Kriging interpolation; score map; Al-Howizeh/Al-Azim marshes; Sistan Basin Citation: CAO Hui, LIU Jian, WANG Guizhou, YANG Guang, LUO Lei. 2015. Identification of sand and dust storm source areas in

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“…In summer, especially in the 120-day period between June and September, strong northern winds known as "120-Days Winds" (Figure 13) [40] affect the region, passing Hamoun Lakes and spreading their humidity across Sistan [41]. These winds are the most important climatic feature of the region, blowing at an average speed of 9 m/s [42] pretty near the ground (Figure 14), conveniently passing the lakes on their way to the populated areas in the southeast parts of the region ( Figure 11) [43] the direction of these winds is north-west to south-east ( Figure 15).…”

Section: Figure 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability Features of Iran’s Vernacular Architecture: A Comparative Study between the Architecture of Hot–Arid and Hot–Arid–Windy Regions

et al. 2017

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Vernacular architecture has evolved over time to reflect and sustainably comply with the environmental and cultural contexts in which it exists. This kind of architecture possesses a variety of original and clever practices and technologies to satisfy various necessities imposed by context. Iran's vernacular architecture has mastered the art of adaptation to context by developing different architectures in different regions of the country. Despite their different appearances, these architectures follow the same logic in spirit: sustainable adaptation to context. This original research work surveys this logic in two regions, one hot-arid and the other hot-arid-windy, in Iran (represented by the city of Yazd and the region of Sistan, respectively) through a comparative study. This paper studies different elements and techniques of sustainability in these areas, reasons for their existence and the factors that have shaped them into the specific way that they are. The main elements that were studied through this survey include: fabric and orientation, sidewalks, facades, materials, entrances, courtyards, basements and cellars, porches, roofs, wind-catchers, and openings. In conclusion, links that connect different specifications of context to different aspects of construction are discovered and their role in overall character of two region's architecture is illustrated so they can be used as guidelines for future designs and constructions.

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The “wind of 120days” and dust storm activity over the Sistan Basin

Cited by 158 publications

References 26 publications

Temporal variations in the frequency and concentration of dust events over Iran based on surface observations

Temporal variations in the frequency and concentration of dust events over Iran based on surface observations

Identification of sand and dust storm source areas in Iran

Sustainability Features of Iran’s Vernacular Architecture: A Comparative Study between the Architecture of Hot–Arid and Hot–Arid–Windy Regions

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