The World Can't Have Wild Tigers and Eat Them, Too

Gratwicke, Brian; Bennett, Elizabeth L.; Broad, Steven; Christie, Sarah; Dutton, Adam; Gabriel, Grace; Kirkpatrick, Craig; Nowell, Kristin

doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00802.x

Cited by 30 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…> Failure-Domestic trade bans in consumer states including Taiwan, China and Japan in the early 1990s, brought about by ad hoc interventions including political missions (Reeve, 2002) are considered a success by some (e.g., Gratwicke et al, 2008b). However, international trade continues illegally today, and at record levels in some instances e.g., the tiger (NTCA, 2012;Stoner and Pervushina, 2013).…”

Section: Asian Big Catsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…It has also been posited that a number of biophysical, market and regulatory conditions are necessary for supply-side interventions to be effective, but again they require further research and greater evaluation (Phelps et al, 2013). Although supply-side policies do have their opponents (e.g., Gratwicke et al, 2008b), in reality these approaches have been subject to little research (Damania and Bulte, 2007; though see Brooks et al, 2010 andDrury, 2009) and the predicament facing many trade-threatened species therefore commands interventions informed through further in-depth, objective research and which should include evaluation of strategies to increase supply.…”

Section: Supply and Demand Based Market Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions

Challender

Harrop

MacMillan

2015

Global Ecology and Conservation

169

153

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a b s t r a c tInternational trade in wildlife is a key threat to biodiversity conservation. CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, seeks to ensure international wildlife trade is sustainable, relying on trade bans and controls. However, there has been little comprehensive review of its effectiveness and here we review approaches taken to regulate wildlife trade in CITES. Although assessing its effectiveness is problematic, we assert that CITES boasts few measurable conservation successes. We attribute this to: non-compliance, an over reliance on regulation, lack of knowledge and monitoring of listed species, ignorance of market forces, and influence among CITES actors. To more effectively manage trade we argue that interventions should go beyond regulation and should be multi-faceted, reflecting the complexity of wildlife trade. To inform these interventions we assert an intensive research effort is needed around six key areas: (1) factors undermining wildlife trade governance at the national level, (2) determining sustainable harvest rates for, and adaptive management of CITES species, (3) gaining the buy-in of local communities in implementing CITES, (4) supply and demand based market interventions, (5) means of quantifying illicit trade, and (6) political processes and influence within CITES.

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Section: Asian Big Catsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Supply and Demand Based Market Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions

Challender

Harrop

MacMillan

2015

Global Ecology and Conservation

169

153

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“…Environmental Investigations Agency (EIA) 2013). Broadly, there are concerns that these operations are stimulating demand for cheaper more preferable wild caught specimens (Kirkpatrick and Emerton 2010;Gratwicke et al 2008), creating a legal loophole for the illegal laundering of wild animals and their derivatives (Gratwicke et al 2007;Dutton et al 2013). Others have highlighted that they typically involve animals that cannot be successfully released as part of wild reintroduction programs due to concerns relating to survivability, human-wildlife conflicts, the introduction of disease and genetic pollution (Schmidt-Burbach et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussion Commercial Captive Breedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clouded in mystery: the global trade in clouded leopards

D’Cruze

Macdonald

2015

Biodivers Conserv

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In the first global review focused specifically on clouded leopard trade, we assess its impact on the basis of information gathered from annual CITES reports, literature and expert opinion. Although international and domestic trade regulations are in place, in 'exceptional circumstances' trade in Asian big cats is legally permitted. More generally, and irrespective of its legal status, trade also has potential to compromise wild animal welfare. We report an apparent shift toward commercial trade in captive bred clouded leopards, trade irregularities that point toward possible laundering of wild caught animals, and document the presence of individuals on 'tiger farms' in south-east Asia and a 'lion park' in South Africa. We found CITES records contradictory and incomplete, with data on source country particularly lacking. This study highlights 'legal loopholes' that apply to all Asian big cat species. As a precautionary measure, we support calls to extend existing bans on Asian big cat trade so that they include commercial trade in captive bred individuals. Illegal trade in derivatives can openly be observed online and at wildlife markets in range countries where enforcement is weak. However, an energetic search has revealed that specific information regarding clouded leopards is lacking. We argue that this is not grounds for complacency, but rather suggests a need for research into trade dynamics, cooperation between national enforcement agencies, improved compliance with trade data management systems, the destruction of private held stockpiles and the revision of existing legal frameworks to prevent illegal trade in these and other threatened wild felids.Communicated by Dirk Sven Schmeller.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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“…Human agency has, however, resulted in significant admixture of evolutionary lineages of tigers; hybridization in captive tiger populations is widespread, with the exception of many of the zoo-based management programs [5]. Tiger-breeding facilities that produce tiger-derived products for the marketplace engender greater concern [6] and criticism [7] than exist for other endangered species, such as crocodilians. The development of databases of genotypes of wild tigers now facilitates the identification of admixed tigers and assists in the retention of genetic diversity of ecological and evolutionary subspecies that can reinforce the opportunities for linking ex situ and in situ tiger conservation efforts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Forests of the Night: Refugia of Genetic Diversity in Wild Tigers

Ryder

2009

PLoS Genet

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The World Can't Have Wild Tigers and Eat Them, Too

Cited by 30 publications

References 1 publication

Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions

Towards informed and multi-faceted wildlife trade interventions

Clouded in mystery: the global trade in clouded leopards

Forests of the Night: Refugia of Genetic Diversity in Wild Tigers

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