The World Hypertension League Science of Salt: a regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes studies (Sept 2019 to Dec 2020)

Wang, Nan Xin; Arcand, JoAnne; Campbell, Norman R.C.; Johnson, Claire; Malta, Daniela; Petersen, Kristina; Rae, Sarah; Santos, Joseph Alvin; Sivakumar, Bridve; Thout, Sudhir Raj; McLean, Rachael

doi:10.1038/s41371-022-00710-z

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Our findings in Figure 2 elucidated that those participants with higher intakes of sodium, energy, fat, and protein showed larger HRs of hypertension risk, despite the fact that the p-value for interaction was only shown for dietary fat intake. High intake levels of dietary salt and sodium have been generally considered as risk factors for hypertension [49]. Consistently, in our study, those participants with a higher level of sodium intake showed a slightly higher incidence of hypertension, which perhaps contributed to the larger HR of BCAAs among these people.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Association between Excessive Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Intake and Hypertension Risk in Chinese Population

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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The dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) has been reported to be associated with both elevated blood pressure (BP) and hypertension risk, while published findings were inconsistent, and the causality has never been well disclosed. We performed this prospective study aiming to find out the relationship between dietary BCAAs intake and hypertension risk in the Chinese population. A total of 8491 participants (40,285 person-years) were selected. The levels of dietary BCAAs intake were estimated using the 24-h Food Frequency Questionnaire. Associations of both BP values and hypertension risk with per standard deviation increase of BCAAs were estimated using linear and COX regression analysis, respectively. The hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval were given. Restricted cubic spline analysis (RCS) was used to estimate the nonlinearity. Both systolic and diastolic BP values at the end points of follow-up were positively associated with dietary BCAAs intake. Positive associations between BCAAs intake and hypertension risk were shown in both men and women. By performing a RCS analysis, the nonlinear relationship between BCAAs intake and hypertension was shown. As the intake levels of Ile, Leu, and Val, respectively, exceeded 2.49 g/day, 4.91 g/day, and 2.88 g/day in men (2.16 g/day, 3.84 g/day, and 2.56 g/day in women), the hypertension risk increased. Our findings could provide some concrete evidence in the primary prevention of hypertension based on dietary interventions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Association between Excessive Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Intake and Hypertension Risk in Chinese Population

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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“…31 Blood pressure varies with dietary salt interventions, a phenomenon that has been demonstrated in hundreds of human randomized controlled trials. 32 Huang et al conducted a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis to explore the dose-response relationship between dietary sodium reduction and alterations in blood pressure. 33 They included 133 randomized trials involving 12 197 subjects.…”

Section: Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the world's salt reduction policies and strategies – preparing for the upcoming year 2025

Nie,

Huang,

Yang

et al. 2024

Food Funct.

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“…A high sodium intake is one of the leading dietary risk factors for mortality worldwide ( 1 ), accounting, globally, for 3.2 million deaths in 2017. Beyond the well-established relationship of high sodium intake and increased blood pressure (BP) and higher risk of cardiovascular diseases ( 2 ), other health outcomes such as chronic kidney disease and physical performance were also reported ( 3 ). One of the goals of the World Health Organization (WHO) “Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases 2013–2020” is to reduce population sodium intake by 30% ( 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The quantification of sodium intake from discretionary salt intake in New Zealand using the lithium-tagged salt method

et al. 2023

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IntroductionDiscretionary salt (added in cooking at home or at the table) is a source of sodium and iodine in New Zealand. The amount of discretionary salt consumed in a population has implications on policies regarding sodium and iodine. Sodium intake from discretionary salt intake has not been quantified in New Zealand. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of total sodium that comes from discretionary salt in adults using the lithium-tagged salt method.MethodsA total of 116 healthy adults, who were not pregnant or breastfeeding, regularly consume home-cooked meals and use salt during cooking or at the table, aged 18–40 years from Dunedin, New Zealand were recruited into the study. The study took place over a 9-day period. On Day 1, participants were asked to collect a baseline 24-h urine to establish their normal lithium output. From Day 2 to Day 8, normal discretionary salt was replaced with lithium-tagged salt. Between Day 6 and Day 8, participants collected another two 24-h urine samples. A 24-h dietary recall was conducted to coincide with each of the final two 24-h urine collections. Urinary sodium was analysed by Ion-Selective Electrode and urinary lithium and urinary iodine were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The 24-h dietary recall data was entered into Xyris FoodWorks 10. All statistical analysis were conducted using Stata 17.0.ResultsA total of 109 participants with complete 24-h urine samples were included in the analysis. From the 24-h urine collections, the median urinary excretion of sodium and iodine was 3,222 mg/24 h (25th, 75th percentile: 2516, 3969) and 112 μg/24 h (82, 134). The median estimated sodium intake from discretionary salt was 13% (25th, 75th percentile: 7, 22) of the total sodium intake or 366 mg/24 h (25th, 75th percentile: 186, 705).ConclusionThe total sodium intake was higher than the suggested dietary target of 2,000 mg/day. In this sample of healthy adults 18 to 40 years old, 13% of total sodium intake derived from discretionary salt. Discretionary salt is an additional source of iodine if iodised salt is used. Policies to reduce sodium intake is recommended to include a range of strategies to target discretionary and non-discretionary sources of salt and will need to take into account the contribution of iodine from discretionary salt intake.

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The World Hypertension League Science of Salt: a regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes studies (Sept 2019 to Dec 2020)

Cited by 9 publications

References 88 publications

Association between Excessive Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Intake and Hypertension Risk in Chinese Population

Association between Excessive Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Intake and Hypertension Risk in Chinese Population

A review of the world's salt reduction policies and strategies – preparing for the upcoming year 2025

The quantification of sodium intake from discretionary salt intake in New Zealand using the lithium-tagged salt method

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