The XENON1T data acquisition system

Aprile, E.; Aalbers, J.; Agostini, F.; Alfonsi, M.; Althueser, L.; Amaro, F. D.; Antochi, V. C.; Arneodo, F.; Barge, D.; Baudis, L.; Bauermeister, B.; Bellagamba, L.; Benabderrahmane, M. L.; Berger, T.; Breur, P. A.; Brown, A.; Brown, E.; Bruenner, S.; Bruno, G.; Budnik, R.; Bütikofer, L.; Capelli, C.; Cardoso, J. M. R.; Cichon, D.; Coderre, D.; Colijn, A. P.; Conrad, J.; Cussonneau, J. P.; Decowski, M. P.; Perio, P. de; Gangi, P. Di; Giovanni, A. Di; Diglio, S.; Elykov, A.; Eurin, G.; Fei, J.; Ferella, A. D.; Fieguth, A.; Fulgione, W.; Gaemers, P.; Rosso, A. Gallo; Galloway, M.; Gao, F.; Garbini, M.; Grandi, L.; Greene, Z.; Hasterok, C.; Hogenbirk, E.; Howlett, J.; Iacovacci, M.; Itay, R.; Joerg, F.; Kazama, S.; Kish, A.; Kobayashi, Masaaki; Koltman, G.; Kopec, A.; Landsman, H.; Lang, R. F.; Levinson, L. J.; Lin, Q.; Lindemann, Stefan; Lindner, M.; Lombardi, F.; Lopes, J. A. M.; Fune, E. López; Macolino, C.; Mahlstedt, J.; Manfredini, A.; Marignetti, Fabrizio; Undagoitia, T. Marrodán; Masbou, J.; Masson, D.; Mastroianni, S.; Messina, M.; Micheneau, K.; Miller, K.; Molinario, A.; Morå, K.; Mosbacher, Y.; Murra, M.; Naganoma, J.; Ni, K.; Oberlack, U.; Odgers, K.; Pelssers, B.; Peres, R.; Piastra, F.; Pienaar, J.; Pizzella, V.; Plante, G.; Podviianiuk, R.; Qiu, H.; García, D. Ramírez; Reichard, S.; Riedel, Benedikt; Rocchetti, A.; Rupp, N.; Santos, J. M. F. dos; Sartorelli, G.; Šarčević, N.; Scheibelhut, M.; Schindler, S. M.; Schreiner, J.; Schulte, D.; Schümann, M.; Lavina, L. Scotto; Selvi, M.; Shagin, P.; Shockley, E.; Silva, Miguel; Simgen, H.; Therreau, C.; Thers, D.; Toschi, F.; Trinchero, G.; Tunnell, C.; Upole, N.; Vargas, M.; Volta, G.; Wack, O.; Wang, H.; Wei, Y.; Weinheimer, C.; Wenz, D.; Wittweg, C.; Wulf, J.; Ye, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zhu, T.; Zopounidis, J. P.; collaboration, for the XENON; Pieracci, M.; Tintori, C.

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/14/07/p07016

Cited by 33 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…PMT signals exceeding a channel-specific threshold above the baseline, accepting on average 93% of SPE signals, are digitized at a rate of 10 8 samples=sec by the data acquisition (DAQ) system [27]. These signals are referred to as pulses.…”

Section: Signal Reconstruction and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3. Compared to SR1, the S1 efficiency for SR0 is slightly smaller at the threshold due to a higher PMT noise level in the first third of SR0 dark matter data acquisition that could be reduced by installing low-pass filter boxes at the PMT high-voltage modules [27]. The S2 trigger efficiency of the offline event builder is determined by applying the trigger algorithm to simulated S2 waveforms that were generated homogeneously throughout the TPC.…”

Section: Signal Reconstruction and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The analysis threshold for S2 signal sizes is fixed to 200 PE, where the trigger efficiency yields ð99.8 þ0.2 −0.6 Þ% and ð99.4 þ0.4 −0.7 Þ% in SR0 and SR1, respectively, and the S2 size is defined using the sum of the signals from the top and bottom PMT arrays. Recently, a data-driven method became available and resulted in about 4% smaller efficiencies at the S2 signal threshold [27]. However, this is expected to have no noticeable impact on the dark matter search since the S1 signal reconstruction efficiency is the dominating parameter determining the detection threshold.…”

Section: Signal Reconstruction and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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XENON1T dark matter data analysis: Signal reconstruction, calibration, and event selection

Aprile¹,

Aalbers²,

Agostini³

et al. 2019

Phys. Rev. D

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118

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XENON1T dark matter data analysis: Signal reconstruction, calibration, and event selection Aprile, E.; Aalbers, J.; Agostini, F.; Alfonsi, M.; Althueser, L.; Amaro, F.D.; Antochi, V.C.; Arneodo, F.; Baudis, L.; Bauermeister, B.; Bellagamba, L.; Benabderrahmane, M.L.; Berger, T.; Breur, P.A.; Brown, A.; Brown, E.; Bruenner, S.; Bruno, G.; Budnik, R.; Capelli, C.; Cardoso, J.M.R.; Cichon, D.; Coderre, D.; Colijn, A.P.; Conrad, J.; Cussonneau, J.P.; Decowski, M.P.; de Perio, P.; Di Gangi, P.; Di Giovanni, A.; Diglio, S.; Elykov, A.; Eurin, G.; Fei, J.; Ferella, A.D.; Fieguth, A.; Fulgione, W.; Gallo Rosso, A.; Galloway, M.; Gao, F.; Garbini, M.; Grandi, L.; Greene, Z.; Hasterok, C.; Hogenbirk, E.; Howlett, J.; Iacovacci, M.; Itay, R.; Joerg, F.; Kazama, S.; XENON CollaborationThe XENON1T experiment at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso is the most sensitive direct detection experiment for dark matter in the form of weakly interacting particles (WIMPs) with masses above 6 GeV=c 2 scattering off nuclei. The detector employs a dual-phase time projection chamber with 2.0 metric tons of liquid xenon in the target. A one metric ton × year exposure of science data was collected between October 2016 and February 2018. This article reports on the performance of the detector during this period and describes details of the data analysis that led to the most stringent exclusion limits on various WIMPnucleon interaction models to date. In particular, signal reconstruction, event selection, and calibration of the detector response to nuclear and electronic recoils in XENON1T are discussed.

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Section: Signal Reconstruction and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Signal Reconstruction and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Signal Reconstruction and Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

XENON1T dark matter data analysis: Signal reconstruction, calibration, and event selection

Aprile¹,

Aalbers²,

Agostini³

et al. 2019

Phys. Rev. D

Self Cite

118

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show abstract

“…This was based on the onsets for electroluminescence and charge multiplication in LXe at 412 +10 −133 kV/cm and 725 +48 −139 kV/cm, respectively [8] (see also [9,10]), while practical LXe-TPC cathodes made from stainless steel wires have been limited to surface fields of 40-65 kV/cm [11][12][13][14][15][16]. A detector with gold-plated stainless steel wires could not operate at the design field either [17]. A chamber with Monel wires, known for its resistance to corrosion, sustained 35 kV/cm on the gate grid [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study and mitigation of spurious electron emission from cathodic wires in noble liquid time projection chambers

Tomás

Araújo

Bailey

et al. 2018

Astroparticle Physics

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Noble liquid radiation detectors have long been afflicted by spurious electron emission from their cathodic electrodes. This phenomenon must be understood and mitigated in the next generation of liquid xenon (LXe) experiments searching for WIMP dark matter or neutrinoless double beta decay, and in the large liquid argon (LAr) detectors for the longbaseline neutrino programmes. We present a systematic study of this spurious emission involving a series of slow voltage-ramping tests on fine metal wires immersed in a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with single electron sensitivity. Emission currents as low as 10 −18 A can thus be detected by electron counting, a vast improvement over previous dedicated measurements. Emission episodes were recorded at surface fields as low as ∼10 kV/cm in some wires and observed to have complex emission patterns, with average rates of 10-200 counts per second (c/s) and outbreaks as high as ∼10 6 c/s. A fainter, less variable type of emission was also present in all untreated samples. There is evidence of a partial conditioning effect, with subsequent tests yielding on average fewer emitters occurring at different fields for the same wire. We find no evidence for an intrinsic threshold particular to the metal-LXe interface which might have limited previous experiments up to fields of at least 160 kV/cm. The general phenomenology is not consistent with enhanced field emission from microscopic filaments, but it appears instead to be related to the quality of the wire surface in terms of corrosion and the nature of its oxide layer. This study concludes that some surface treatments, in particular nitric acid cleaning applied to stainless steel wires, can bring about at least order-of-magnitude improvements in overall electron emission rates, and this should help the next generation of detectors achieve the required electrostatic performance.

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“…The output of the amplifiers is sent to CAEN V1724 waveform digitizer modules to record the signals at a sampling rate of 100 MHz with a 2.25 V dynamic range, a 40 MHz input bandwidth, and 14-bit resolution. The data acquisition system is described in detail in [10].…”

Section: The Xenon1t Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy resolution and linearity of XENON1T in the MeV energy range

et al. 2020

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Xenon dual-phase time projection chambers designed to search for weakly interacting massive particles have so far shown a relative energy resolution which degrades with energy above $$\sim $$∼ 200 keV due to the saturation effects. This has limited their sensitivity in the search for rare events like the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $$^{136} \hbox {Xe}$$136Xe at its Q value, $$Q_{\beta \beta }\simeq 2.46\,\hbox {MeV}$$Qββ≃2.46MeV. For the XENON1T dual-phase time projection chamber, we demonstrate that the relative energy resolution at $$1\,\sigma /\mu $$1σ/μ is as low as ($$0.80 \pm 0.02$$0.80±0.02) % in its one-ton fiducial mass, and for single-site interactions at $$Q_{\beta \beta }$$Qββ. We also present a new signal correction method to rectify the saturation effects of the signal readout system, resulting in more accurate position reconstruction and indirectly improving the energy resolution. The very good result achieved in XENON1T opens up new windows for the xenon dual-phase dark matter detectors to simultaneously search for other rare events.

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The XENON1T data acquisition system

Cited by 33 publications

References 19 publications

XENON1T dark matter data analysis: Signal reconstruction, calibration, and event selection

XENON1T dark matter data analysis: Signal reconstruction, calibration, and event selection

Study and mitigation of spurious electron emission from cathodic wires in noble liquid time projection chambers

Energy resolution and linearity of XENON1T in the MeV energy range

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