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The historical evolution of practices associated with the use of ice by the population of Yakutia in the period from mid-19th century until the present is being examined. The application of principles laid down in cryosophy and cryoanthropology, suggesting an increased interest in the “cold matters” of the Earth and in traditions of using their resource potential by indigenous peoples of the northern territories, became the methodological ground for the development of the topic. The research is based on the involvement of a complex of source materials, prima-rily including individual topics presented in ethnographic works, documents from archives of Irkutsk, Moscow, Olekminsk, Saint-Petersburg and Yakutsk, museum exhibits, and also the author’s field materials collected in 2017–2023 in various administrative regions (uluses) of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) and in the city of Yakutsk. The carried-out work made it possible to demonstrate the practices of ice exploitation as an important adaptation mechanism for the population of the region. In this regard, it has been noted that ice played a significant role in satisfying a range of sanitary and hygienic needs; it acted as a construction and thermal insulation material, and was an essential component of economic practices, widely used in fishing, agriculture, logging and livestock rea-ring. It has been established that the ways of using ice have evolved significantly towards the present. In general, a decrease in the variety of applications and the importance of ice for the population of Yakutia has been re-vealed. At the same time, it has been concluded that ice remains critically important for providing the rural popula-tion of Yakutia with drinking water. At the same time, an increase in the leisure potential of ice exploitation has been observed; in combination with other cryogenic processes and phenomena, its position as one of the brands of the region is strengthening.
The historical evolution of practices associated with the use of ice by the population of Yakutia in the period from mid-19th century until the present is being examined. The application of principles laid down in cryosophy and cryoanthropology, suggesting an increased interest in the “cold matters” of the Earth and in traditions of using their resource potential by indigenous peoples of the northern territories, became the methodological ground for the development of the topic. The research is based on the involvement of a complex of source materials, prima-rily including individual topics presented in ethnographic works, documents from archives of Irkutsk, Moscow, Olekminsk, Saint-Petersburg and Yakutsk, museum exhibits, and also the author’s field materials collected in 2017–2023 in various administrative regions (uluses) of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) and in the city of Yakutsk. The carried-out work made it possible to demonstrate the practices of ice exploitation as an important adaptation mechanism for the population of the region. In this regard, it has been noted that ice played a significant role in satisfying a range of sanitary and hygienic needs; it acted as a construction and thermal insulation material, and was an essential component of economic practices, widely used in fishing, agriculture, logging and livestock rea-ring. It has been established that the ways of using ice have evolved significantly towards the present. In general, a decrease in the variety of applications and the importance of ice for the population of Yakutia has been re-vealed. At the same time, it has been concluded that ice remains critically important for providing the rural popula-tion of Yakutia with drinking water. At the same time, an increase in the leisure potential of ice exploitation has been observed; in combination with other cryogenic processes and phenomena, its position as one of the brands of the region is strengthening.
На основе анализа разрозненных этнографических данных, а также полевых материалов автора рассматривается использование снега в хозяйственной деятельности и некоторых социокультурных практиках якутов в течение середины XIX–XXI вв. Методологической основой исследования послужили принципы, заложенные в криософии и антропологии холода, предполагающие позитивное восприятие холода и сопутствующих ему криогенных процессов и явлений, а также повышенное внимание к анализу роли криогенных ресурсов в жизни северных сообществ. Источниками разработки темы стали документы из фондов Государственного архива Иркутской области, Научного архива СО РАН, Санкт-Петербургского филиала Архива РАН, Рукописного фонда Архива ЯНЦ СО РАН2, сведения, почерпнутые в научной литературе, а также материалы, аккумулированные в ходе экспедиционных работ 2017–2023 гг. в Амгинском, Олекминском, Среднеколымском, Таттинском и Хангаласском административных районах Якутии. В результате проведенной работы установлено, что снег являлся источником получения питьевой и технической воды, служил средством утепления жилых и хозяйственных построек, а также чистки вещей. Снег нашел широкое применение в хозяйственных практиках представителей этноса: охотничьем деле, рыбном промысле, земледелии, ското- и коневодстве, а также при обеспечении транспортных связей. Выявлен ряд этнических особенностей использования снега. В частности, якуты не применяли его в строительных целях. Вместе с тем аласный тип расселения представителей этноса и их тяготение к озерам обусловили формирование ряда уникальных традиционных зимних практик, опирающихся на использование снега. Отмечено, что с течением времени, социально-экономическим, культурным и технологическим развитием снег как ресурс для обеспечения жизнедеятельности представителей якутского этноса в целом стал утрачивать свои позиции. Представлен вывод о том, что современный этап, наряду с сохранением ряда из отмеченных хозяйственно-бытовых приемов, характеризуется актуализацией значения снега в целом криогенных процессов и явлений в качестве ресурса, способствующего повышению туристической привлекательности Якутии. Based on the analysis of various ethnographic data and the author's field material, this article examines the use of snow for economic activities and a range of socio-cultural practices of the Yakuts in the mid-19th and 21st centuries. The principles of cryosophy and cryoanthropology, which suggest a positive perception of cold and the cryogenic processes and phenomena that accompany it, served as the methodological basis for the study, as did the increased attention given to the analysis of the role of cryogenic resources in the life of northern communities. We analyzed documents from the collections of the Irkutsk Region State Archives, the Scientific Archives of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Manuscript Fund of the Archives of the Yakut Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, information from scientific literature, and materials collected during the 2017–2023 expedition works in the Amginsky, Olekminsky, Srednekolymsky, Tattinsky, and Khangalassky administrative regions of Yakutia. As a result of the conducted work, it was found that snow is a source of drinking and industrial water, also it serves as a means of insulation of residential and commercial buildings, and cleaning things. Snow has found a wide application in the economic practices of the representatives of the ethnic group: Hunting, fishing, agriculture, livestock and horse breeding, and in making transportation connections. There are also a number of ethnic peculiarities in the use of snow. In particular, the Yakuts did not use snow to construct their houses. At the same time, the nature of settlement by the representatives of the ethnic group and their preference for lakes led to the emergence of a number of unique traditional winter practices based on the use of snow. It should be noted that over time, with socio-economic, cultural, and technological development, snow, as a resource for ensuring the life of the representatives of the Yakut ethnic group, began to lose its position. It is concluded that the current stage, in addition to the preservation of a number of well-known household methods, is characterized by the actualization of the importance of snow in general, cryogenic processes, and phenomena as a resource that forms the tourist potential of Yakutia.
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