The Yana RHS Site: Humans in the Arctic Before the Last Glacial Maximum

Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Nikolsky, P. A.; Girya, Evgeny; Basilyan, A. E.; Tumskoy, Vladimir; Koulakov, S. A.; Astakhov, Sergey; Pavlova, Elena Y.; Анисимов, М. А.

doi:10.1126/science.1085219

Cited by 300 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This agrees with the fact that humans were occupying areas inside the Arctic Circle up to 10ka before the occupation at Kraków Spadzista (e.g. Pavlov et al, 2001;Pitulko et al, 2004), and were not excluded from northern Europe during the LGM period that followed the occupation at Kraków Spadzista (e.g. Street and Terberger, 1999).…”

Section: Humans and Climate At Kraków Spadzista Street (B)supporting

confidence: 74%

Investigating climate at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), Poland, using oxygen isotopes

Pryor¹,

O’Connell²,

Wojtal³

et al. 2013

Quaternary International

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Between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago, Europe experienced a series of rapid climate change events known as the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, which may have made areas of northern Europe more attractive for occupation by early modern humans at certain times than at others. This paper investigates when humans were occupying northern Europe in relation to these climatic changes at the archaeological site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), by applying oxygen isotope analysis of mammoth tooth enamel carbonates (δ18O and δ13C) found at the site. The new isotopic data suggest that mean annual temperatures at Kraków Spadzista were 4-9oC colder than present and, based on comparisons with previously published isotopic data for mammoth in Europe, we argue that the Kraków assemblage most likely formed during a cold Dansgaard-Oeschger event. This suggests modern humans were able to occupy and survive in this area of northern Europe during the harsh cold phases that affected Europe at this time. ABSTRACTBetween 50,000 and 20,000 years ago, Europe experienced a series of rapid climate change events known as the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, which may have made areas of northern Europe more attractive for occupation by early modern humans at certain times than at others. This paper investigates when humans were occupying northern Europe in relation to these climatic changes at the archaeological site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), by applying oxygen isotope analysis of mammoth tooth enamel carbonates (δ 18 O and δ 13 C) found at the site. The new isotopic data suggest that mean annual temperatures at Kraków Spadzista were 4-9 o C colder than present and, based on comparisons with previously published isotopic data for mammoth in Europe, we argue that the Kraków assemblage most likely formed during a cold DansgaardOeschger event. This suggests modern humans were able to occupy and survive in this area of northern Europe during the harsh cold phases that affected Europe at this time.

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Section: Humans and Climate At Kraków Spadzista Street (B)supporting

confidence: 74%

Investigating climate at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), Poland, using oxygen isotopes

Pryor¹,

O’Connell²,

Wojtal³

et al. 2013

Quaternary International

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“…From this West Asian source, humans migrated toward Southeast Asia, reaching Australia by 50,000 years ago (22), and toward Northern Eurasia (and subsequently to America from a Northeast Asian source) Ϸ40,000 years ago (ref. 23; Fig. 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

TLR4polymorphisms, infectious diseases, and evolutionary pressure during migration of modern humans

Ferwerda

McCall²,

Alonso

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

295

276

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Infectious diseases exert a constant evolutionary pressure on the genetic makeup of our innate immune system. Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) have been related to susceptibility to Gram-negative infections and septic shock. Here we show that two polymorphisms of TLR4, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile, have unique distributions in populations from Africa, Asia, and Europe. Genetic and functional studies are compatible with a model in which the nonsynonymous polymorphism Asp299Gly has evolved as a protective allele against malaria, explaining its high prevalence in subSaharan Africa. However, the same allele could have been disadvantageous after migration of modern humans into Eurasia, putatively because of increased susceptibility to severe bacterial infections. In contrast, the Asp299Gly allele, when present in cosegregation with Thr399Ile to form the Asp299Gly/Thr399Ile haplotype, shows selective neutrality. Polymorphisms in TLR4 exemplify how the interaction between our innate immune system and the infectious pressures in particular environments may have shaped the genetic variations and function of our immune system during the out-of-Africa migration of modern humans.cytokines ͉ human migration ͉ innate immunity ͉ Toll-like receptor 4 ͉ sepsis

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“…In contrast to Beringia, Europe hosted a diverse cervid community, including red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus). Although the eastern Beringian mammoth steppe ecosystem was not significantly influenced by humans or human ancestors before ca 13.5 kyr BP [27], Homo neanderthalensis is known to have occupied European systems (sometimes sporadically) from ca 300 to 30 kyr BP [28,29], and modern humans occur in the region at ca 40 kyr BP [28], including sites on the Arctic Ocean in central Beringia [30]. Neanderthal diets in continental regions were dependent on terrestrial animals [31 -33], though their role as predators relative to co-occurring carnivores is not well understood.…”

Section: Materials and Methods (A) Study Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of climate change on the structure of Pleistocene food webs across the mammoth steppe

et al. 2013

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Species interactions form food webs, impacting community structure and, potentially, ecological dynamics. It is likely that global climatic perturbations that occur over long periods of time have a significant influence on species interaction patterns. Here, we integrate stable isotope analysis and network theory to reconstruct patterns of trophic interactions for six independent mammalian communities that inhabited mammoth steppe environments spanning western Europe to eastern Alaska (Beringia) during the Late Pleistocene. We use a Bayesian mixing model to quantify the contribution of prey to the diets of local predators, and assess how the structure of trophic interactions changed across space and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a global climatic event that severely impacted mammoth steppe communities. We find that large felids had diets that were more constrained than those of co-occurring predators, and largely influenced by an increase in Rangifer abundance after the LGM. Moreover, the structural organization of Beringian and European communities strongly differed: compared with Europe, species interactions in Beringian communities before-and possibly after-the LGM were highly modular. We suggest that this difference in modularity may have been driven by the geographical insularity of Beringian communities.

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The Yana RHS Site: Humans in the Arctic Before the Last Glacial Maximum

Cited by 300 publications

References 3 publications

Investigating climate at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), Poland, using oxygen isotopes

Investigating climate at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), Poland, using oxygen isotopes

TLR4polymorphisms, infectious diseases, and evolutionary pressure during migration of modern humans

The impact of climate change on the structure of Pleistocene food webs across the mammoth steppe

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