The Yearly Circulation of Chloride and Sulfur in Nature; Meteorological, Geochemical and Pedological Implications. Part II

Abstract

IV. The yearly circdation of sea d t s between continents and the oceans I . IntroductionThe yearly global circulation of sea salts between continents and oceans can be estimated in several ways. One is by actually measuring the yearly amounts brought down on land by available techniques. It is clear from the preceding chapter that this is technically difficult. It is easy to collect precipitation and analyse it for various sea salt constituents but it is more difficult to estimate how much is brought down by "dry deposition", i.e. by fallout and by gas absorption. It requires a good knowledge about the turbulent character of 65 Composition in per cent of Sand-Lime-[gneous 'late' stones stones rocks corrected corrected corrected forcoa for CO, for co, Element To sea To sedi-Present Volcanic from ments Diff.in the in the rocks fromsea gxcm-: sea sea igneous g x cm-: x cm-Z g x cm-t g x 0 -1 s ..

The distribution of meteoric 36 Cl/Cl in the United States: a comparison of models

“…3 (16.9€1.2 atoms m -2 s -1 ), it is possible to estimate that 26€11% of the total mean 36 Cl fallout for the continental United States occurs as dry deposition. This is in good agreement with Eriksson (1960) and Bentley et al (1986) who suggested that dry fallout should be approximately 23% of total deposition. Taking the relative fraction of dry deposition to be 26€11%, the total mean flux of 36 Cl over the United States is 30.5€7.0 atoms m -2 s -1 .…”

“…Most of the chloride that is deposited on the continent originates as particulates released to the atmosphere from the oceans (Eriksson 1960;Semonin and Bowersox 1982;Li 1992;Simpson and Herczeg 1994). Once chloride is suspended in the atmosphere, it can be carried inland by winds.…”

“…The approach taken in constructing these models has been to estimate the fallout of 36 Cl and stable chloride as a function of geographic location and then combine these to produce a map of the resulting 36 Cl/Cl. In all three cases, the investigators have included measured stable chloride deposition over the United States as part of their calculations; Bentley et al (1986) used chloride fallout from Eriksson (1960), and Hainsworth (1994) and Phillips (2000) used data from the NADP (2000). Bentley et al (1986) and Phillips (2000) used the latitude dependence of the 36 Cl depositional flux (Fig.…”

“…The most important sources of chloride to the continental landmasses are sea-spray and salt-based aerosols derived from the oceans (Eriksson 1960;Semonin and Bowersox 1982;Li 1992;Simpson and Herczeg 1994). The deposition of chloride from air masses originating over the oceans decreases approximately exponentially with distance from the coast (Slinn et al 1982;Simpson and Herczeg 1994).…”

Characteristics and composition of the falling dust in urban environment

“…This discrepancy could show that emissions of NO X are not merely the source of dust nitrate. Previous studies repeatedly reported that the formations of particulate sulfate and nitrate on sea salt particles (Eriksson 1959;McInnes et al 1994) and dust particles enhanced the production of particulate sulfate and nitrate in the downstream atmosphere (Nishikawa et al 1991;Dentener 1996;Tang 2004). The sea is about 2-3 km from the tested area, which is where the particles could have originated from, and the wind could have induced the transportation.…”