The yellowing of thymol in the display of prints

Daniels, Vincent; Boyd, Ben J.

doi:10.1179/sic.1986.31.4.156

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Furthermore, FT/IR spectra indicated that thymol concentrations fumigated in this study had no effect on the investigated pigments such as hematite, limonite, malachite, azurite and black carbon. This agree with results obtained by Isabell (1997) who reported that thymol solution did not cause any changes to the treated pigments, but caused discoloration of inks in the treated manuscripts due to oxidation of phenol, and this phenomenon was well documented for organic pigments such as rose madder that was affected by exposure to thymol (Daniels and Boyd 1986).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Our finding indicated that thymol in fumigation prevented recolonization of fungi for a long period of time, more than five months. These results are similar to those of Haines and Kohler (1986) where thymol was used for fumigation within fumigation chambers and could reduce the number of viable spores of fungi after the fumigation process was finished, because antifungal vapors had prolonging thymol effect on the treated fungi (Sequeira et al, 2012;Daniels and Boyd 1986).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Current results indicated that the exposure of thymol to sun rays and UV lead to the yellowing of thymol, and IR spectra of exposed thymol samples indicated presence of CH aromatic, carbonyl and quinon groups. So, we could conclude that yellowing was attributed to the photochemical oxidation of phenol groups where thymoquinone or dithymoquinone have increased carbonyl absorption in the infrared spectrum (Sequeira et al 2012;Daniels and Boyd 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…To date, several problems have been encountered in application of thymol with diffusion method for inhibiting fungi colonizing cultural heritage objects, such as turning yellow at exposure to sun light or UV radiation for a long period. This yellowing phenomenon was attributed to the oxidation of phenol groups and hydroxyl group that transformed into carbonyl group and thymoquinone or dithymoquinone with yellow color strongly absorbed in FT/IR spectra (Daniels and Boyd 1986). For this reason, thymol was used exclusively since 1983 as preservative agent for archives in the United Kingdom in fumigation within closed boxes containing thymol, called fumigation chambers (Craig 1986).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, thymol was used exclusively since 1983 as preservative agent for archives in the United Kingdom in fumigation within closed boxes containing thymol, called fumigation chambers (Craig 1986). The fumigation method is more effective than the contact one in controlling biodeteriorated cultural heritage objects (Daniels and Boyd 1986;Collis, 1970). This may be attributed to the matter of fact that fumigation provides a continual presence of thymol vapors within the exhibition cases that remain for weeks or even months after fumigation, thus reducing the numbers of viable spores able to recolonize these objects in the future.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Thymol against Fungi Deteriorating Mural Paintings at Tell Basta Tombs, Lower Egypt

2018

International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences

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INTRODUCTIONMural paintings within Tell Basta (Bubastis) tombs are often subjected to fungal deterioration, since fungi play an important role in biodeterioration of mural paintings. Fungi cause chromatic alteration through forming irreversible stains resulted in secreting extracellular in nature of melanin and carotenoid pigments (Sterflinger et al. 1999), even after the fungus is dead, the pigmented cell walls remain on the surface of the paintings and stone surfaces and these strains are resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation (Kiyuna et al. 2011). The structural damage is caused by fungal metabolites of acids that are extremely erosive (Sterflinger, 2010) and these acids cause chromatic alterations of paintings (Ravikumar et al. 2012). Furthermore, produced enzymes could decompose the binding media of the mural paintings, such as egg yolk, animal glue and arabic gum into free amino acids and mono sugars that could be used as carbon source for fungal growth and colonization (Milanesi et al. 2006). Fungal deterioration of mural paintings in ancient Egyptian tombs was put onto the evidence, since mural paintings in the tomb of the King Tutankhamen (18 th Dynasty) were stained with brown-black spots, that resulted in the growth and colonization of Aspergillus penicilloides (Arai 2004;Vasanthakumar et al. 2013). Furthermore, Cladosporium sp. disfigured mural paintings in the tomb of the King Amenophis III (18 th Dynasty) by forming black stains (Arai 2004). Also Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and Cladosporium hebarum formed black stains on mural paintings within the tomb of Petosiris that dated back to the Ptolemaic period (El-Deeb et al. 2000). Moreover, Cladosporium showed to be involved in disfiguration of stone surfaces in the tomb of the Queen Nefertari (18 th Dynasty) with black spots (Preusser 1987). In addition, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger caused discoloration of mural paintings in the Temple of Abydos (19 th Dynasty) with dark brown stains (El Sharouny et al. 2000b).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%