The youngest trigonotarbid<i>Permotarbus schuberti</i>n. gen., n. sp. from the Permian Petrified Forest of Chemnitz in Germany

Dunlop, Jason A.; Rößler, Ronny

doi:10.1002/mmng.201300012

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…With trigonotarbids being markedly underrepresented from North America, especially when compared to the >66 localities in which they have been found across Europe, any new fossil or locality is greatly significant (Dunlop et al, 2014). In addition, with a fairly widespread biogeographic distribution across North America, but relatively few recognized localities (Dunlop and Rößler, 2013), other similarly overlooked trigonotarbid specimens from previously unreported localities are likely to exist in museum collections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ancient arachnid order Trigonotarbida, recognized from the late Silurian (Dunlop, 1996) to early Permian (Dunlop and Rößler, 2013) , represents some of the earliest terrestrial fauna (Garwood and Dunlop, 2010). This includes the oldest known non-scorpion arachnid, a trigonotarbid, Palaeotarbus jerami (Dunlop, 1996), from Ludford Lane, Shropshire, UK (Dunlop, 1996;Selden, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ancient arachnid order Trigonotarbida, recognized from the late Silurian (Dunlop, 1996) to early Permian (Dunlop and Rößler, 2013) (ca. 419–290 Ma), represents some of the earliest terrestrial fauna (Garwood and Dunlop, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First trigonotarbid arachnids from the Pennsylvanian of Indiana and Oklahoma

Shanks

Selden

2022

J. Paleontol.

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A new specimen of the arachnid order Trigonotarbida is described from the Middle Pennsylvanian (lower Desmoinesian) Shelburn Formation of Indiana, which has previously yielded the remains of a phalangiotarbid. Two new trigonotarbid arachnid specimens are also described from the Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) Senora Formation of Oklahoma. These are the first trigonotarbid specimens reported from Indiana and Oklahoma. The Indiana trigonotarbid belongs to the Eophrynidae, as indicated by distinct features such as the large tubercles on the dorsal surface of the opisthosoma and two pairs of terminal opisthosomal spines. This specimen is the first arachnid fossil to be imaged using a Multistripe Laser Triangulation scanner. The heavy dorsal tuberculation, lobed and subtriangular carapace, rounded clypeus, lack of terminal opisthosomal spines, and rounded opisthosoma on Oklahoma specimen FMNH PE 56932 indicate it belongs to the genus Aphantomartus, in Aphantomartidae. The other Oklahoma specimen, FMNH PE 56955, possesses opisthosomal tergites that are divided into five plates longitudinally as well as a subquadrate carapace, which identify it as a member of Anthracomartidae; its rounded opisthosomal margin shows it to belong to the genus Anthracomartus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First trigonotarbid arachnids from the Pennsylvanian of Indiana and Oklahoma

Shanks

Selden

2022

J. Paleontol.

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“…1B ; Luthardt et al, 2018 ). Due to the rapid conservation by the pyroclastics, large parts of the ecosystem were preserved, encompassing remains of plants, animals and fungi that formed a complex food web and provide various insights into environment interactions ( Rößler et al, 2012 ; Rößler, 2021 ; Dunlop & Rößler, 2013 ; Feng et al, 2014 ; Dunlop et al, 2016 ; Luthardt, Rößler & Schneider, 2017 ; Luthardt, Merbitz & Rößler, 2018 ; Spindler et al, 2018 ; Rößler, 2021 ). The palaeoclimate was sub-humid with distinct seasonal droughts ( Luthardt, Rößler & Schneider, 2016 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upside-down in volcanic ash: crown reconstruction of the early Permian seed fern Medullosa stellata with attached foliated fronds

Luthardt

Merbitz

Fridland

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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Our understanding of fossil floras through geological time is mainly based on various differently preserved plant parts, often found isolated under restricted taphonomic circumstances. Preservation of whole plants is exceptionally rare in the geological record but provides the most reliable proof of ancient plants, especially those lacking a nearest living relative like the late Paleozoic pteridosperms. Among them, the medullosan seed ferns represent the largest and most essential systematic group. Medullosaleans are well known from the large Euramerican tropical swamp forests of Carboniferous age, but also from seasonally dry, clastic-soil habitats of Late Pennsylvanian–early Permian intramontane basins in central Europe. An exceptional taphonomic window that offered three-dimensional preservation of early Permian plants is located in Chemnitz, eastern Germany. Here, a forest ecosystem had been buried by pyroclastic deposits in a geological instant, 291 ± 2 Ma ago. Medullosaleans are both abundant and diverse in this striking autochthonous assemblage. The upper part of a Medullosa stellata var. typica individual broke at its top resulting from the overload of volcanic ash and was buried upside-down in the basal pyroclastics. The tree crown consists of the anatomically preserved apical stem, ten attached Alethopteris schneideri foliated fronds with Myeloxylon-type petioles and rachises. Though already discovered during the scientific excavation in 2010, the remarkable find required several years of preparation work, documentation, and reconstruction. The fronds were up to 3.5 m long, bifurcating, and bore numerous bipinnately compound pinnae preserved pulvinated in life position. The apical stem vascular system consists of a cylindrical peripheral vascular segment and up to 87 central accessory strands, each surrounded by manoxylic wood and secondary phloem. The reconstructed tree is supposed to have been self-supporting and of slender stature. Its architectural model is comparable to modern tree ferns or cycads and adapted to have grown in light-deficient lower-storey (sub-) tropical forests, usually not exceeding 15 m in height. Apical meristematic growth dominated, whereas only minor secondary growth occurred during ontogenesis. The densely attached frond bases followed a 3/8 phyllotaxis and were most likely abscised shortly after becoming photosynthetically inactive. A high water-conducting potential is assumed due to the tree’s cauline, petiolar and leaf vascular anatomies. Concerning the extensive leaf surface of the densely foliated fronds, considerable transpiration is hypothesised. Alethopteris schneideri foliage is stratigraphically significant for lower Permian (Asselian–Sakmarian) continental strata of central Europe, preferring habitats of wet clastic soils in sub-humid, seasonal palaeoclimate. The new insights provide a substantial step towards the first whole-plant concept of intramontane medullosaleans.

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Mouthpart morphology and feeding structures in the palaeocharinid trigonotarbids of the Rhynie chert: insights from comparisons to modern arachnids

Long,

Edgecombe,

Clark

et al. 2024

Palaeontology

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Trigonotarbida, an extinct order of spider‐like arachnids, were significant predators between the late Silurian and early Permian. Characterized by their segmented opisthosoma, clasp‐knife chelicera, and paired book lungs, they played a pivotal role in the formation of Early Devonian terrestrial ecosystems. However, the compression‐fossil or mould preservation of most trigonotarbids has been a limiting factor in understanding their fine morphology. Here, we re‐examine the mouthparts of Palaeocharinus, a trigonotarbid genus from the c. 408 Ma Rhynie chert of Scotland. Rhynie preserves the palaeocharinid trigonotarbids in three dimensions with extraordinary fidelity, offering detailed insights into their anatomy, feeding and hunting behaviours, and phylogenetic position. Here we present the first confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) data for Palaeocharinus using three‐dimensional modelling to reconstruct the morphology of a tiered filtration apparatus, comprising a coarse outer mesh of interlacing plumose setae and a fine inner filter of pinnate setae. Together with the clasp‐knife action of the chelicera and mastication by the cheliceral teeth, Palaeocharinus emerges as a sophisticated terrestrial predator with a feeding mechanism resembling that of extant representatives of Pedipalpi (Amblypygi + Uropygi + Schizomida). Phylogenetic analyses with new and modified mouthpart characters affirm the placement of Trigonotarbida within Pantetrapulmonata (Aranaeae + Pedipalpi). This study provides insights into the evolutionary innovations that facilitated the diversification and proliferation of trigonotarbids in early terrestrial landscapes.

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The youngest trigonotarbidPermotarbus schubertin. gen., n. sp. from the Permian Petrified Forest of Chemnitz in Germany

Cited by 6 publications

References 45 publications

First trigonotarbid arachnids from the Pennsylvanian of Indiana and Oklahoma

First trigonotarbid arachnids from the Pennsylvanian of Indiana and Oklahoma

Upside-down in volcanic ash: crown reconstruction of the early Permian seed fern Medullosa stellata with attached foliated fronds

Mouthpart morphology and feeding structures in the palaeocharinid trigonotarbids of the Rhynie chert: insights from comparisons to modern arachnids

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