The β-Adrenergic System and Bone Mineral Remodeling

Abstract

Known bone functions include maintaining the homeostasis of the calcium-phosphate metabolism, repairing damage produced by daily exercise and maintaining the bone architecture according to mechanical requirements, meaning that bone remodeling is a true homeostatic function. Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly changing through bone remodeling, which requires a lot of energy. The sympathetic nervous system contributes to bone remodeling and is one form of interaction between the skeleton and the brain, through leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, which uses this route to induce expression of the gene for the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-b ligand, an osteoclast differentiation factor. This review summarizes basic research findings on the role of the sympathetic nervous system in bone metabolism.

Stress in Metastatic Breast Cancer: To the Bone and Beyond

“…Bone appears to be a preferential organ for homing of BRCA metastasis [107][108][109], and therefore, most studies regarding the effect of SNS activation in BRCA have explored the bone niche. Besides cancer cells, various bone stromal cell types, such as osteoclasts [110][111][112], osteoblasts [113,114] and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [115,116], also express ADRs, supporting the premise that the peripheral sympathetic neurons play an important role in bone remodelling and other bone physiologic processes [117][118][119][120].…”