Theanine transporters identified in tea plants (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> L.)

Dong, Chunxia; Li, Fang; Yang, Ting; Lin, Feng; Zhang, Shupei; Li, Fangdong; Li, Weihong; Xu, Guohua; Bao, Shilai; Wan, Xiaochun; Lucas, William J.; Zhang, Zhaoliang

doi:10.1111/tpj.14517

Cited by 110 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…It is intriguing that many of the highly expressed AAT genes in roots and shoots are AAP family members. This implies the importance of AAP transporters in the tea plant, as previously identified [ 33 ], as well as in rice [ 44 , 45 ] and Arabidopsis [ 46 , 47 ]. This study showed that CsAAPs have distinct expression patterns, suggesting functional specialization.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…AATs might be involved in the homeostasis of AAs and in their sequestration in organelles; thus, their expression patterns may affect tea taste quality [ 33 , 35 ]. The expression of AATs involved in soil-to-root (uptake) would depend on AA recognition as substrates and AA availability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the mature tea plant, theanine biosynthesis mostly occurs in roots [ 32 ], from where it is transported via the phloem, after loading by transporters, through stems to young buds and leaves. Therefore, amino acid transporters (AATs) in tea plants have received much attention in recent years [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Physiological functions of transporters, mediating N transmembrane transport from the soil into roots, from roots to shoots, and remobilization within the tea plant, should be investigated to highlight the importance of different transport systems and to reveal different AA behavior patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Nitrogen-Regulated Genes in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) and Characterization of Amino Acid Transporter CsCAT9.1

Zhang

Liu

Pilon‐Smits

et al. 2020

Plants

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The vigor of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) and tea quality are strongly influenced by the abundance and forms of nitrogen, principally NO3−, NH4+, and amino acids. Mechanisms to access different nitrogen sources and the regulatory cues remain largely elusive in tea plants. A transcriptome analysis was performed to categorize differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in roots and young leaves during the early response to four nitrogen treatments. Relative to the continuously nitrogen-replete control, the three nitrogen-deprived and resupplied treatments shared 237 DEGs in the shoots and 21 DEGs in the root. Gene-ontology characterization revealed that transcripts encoding genes predicted to participate in nitrogen uptake, assimilation, and translocation were among the most differentially expressed after exposure to the different nitrogen regimes. Because of its high transcript level regardless of nitrogen condition, a putative amino acid transporter, TEA020444/CsCAT9.1, was further characterized in Arabidopsis and found to mediate the acquisition of a broad spectrum of amino acids, suggesting a role in amino acid uptake, transport, and deposition in sinks as an internal reservoir. Our results enhance our understanding of nitrogen-regulated transcript level patterns in tea plants and pinpoint candidate genes that function in nitrogen transport and metabolism, allowing tea plants to adjust to variable nitrogen environments.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Nitrogen-Regulated Genes in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) and Characterization of Amino Acid Transporter CsCAT9.1

Zhang

Liu

Pilon‐Smits

et al. 2020

Plants

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“…For example, Huang et al reported that supplying tea plants with different forms of N significantly increase Pro, Glu, and Thea in tea leaves compared with 0 N, especially when supplied with NH 4 + -N 58 , whereas they did not examined amino acid contents changes in tea plant root. Actually, previous studies reported that many amino acids are mainly synthesized in tea root, and are then transported from root to shoot 41,44,45 ) treatments for 5 min and 96 h on gene expression, but they mixed root, stem, leaf and shoot samples together for the analysis. Thus, the tissue-specific response of gene expression could not be elucidated 30 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now, the gene encoding for theanine hydrolase has not been identified yet. Finally, it is noteworthy that Thea is mainly synthesized in roots and is transported through the vascular system to tea plant shoots [41][42][43][44][45] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.)

Yang

Tai

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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Free amino acids, including theanine, glutamine and glutamate, contribute greatly to the pleasant taste and multiple health benefits of tea. Amino acids in tea plants are mainly synthesized in roots and transported to new shoots, which are significantly affected by nitrogen (N) level and forms. However, the regulatory amino acid metabolism genes have not been systemically identified in tea plants. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes of free amino acid contents in response to N deficiency and forms in tea plant roots, and systemically identified the genes associated amino acid contents in individual metabolism pathways. Our results showed that glutamate-derived amino acids are the most dynamic in response to various forms of N and N deficiency. We then performed transcriptomic analyses of roots treated with N deficiency and various forms of N, and differentially expressed amino acid metabolic genes in each pathway were identified. The analyses on expression patterns and transcriptional responses of metabolic genes to N treatments provided novel insights for the molecular basis of high accumulation of theanine in tea plant root. These analyses also identified potential regulatory genes in dynamic amino acid metabolism in tea plant root. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the dynamic expression levels of CsGDH, CsAlaDC, CsAspAT, CsSDH, CsPAL, CsSHMT were highly correlated with changes of amino acid contents in their corresponding pathways. Herein, this study provides comprehensive insights into transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root.(Ser), glycine (Gly) and cysteine (Cys) synthesis. In tea plant, Thea is synthesized from Glu and ethylamine (EA) by theanine synthetase (TS) 14 . EA is likely produced from alanine under the catalysis of alanine decarboxylase 15 .Amino acid catabolism have been clearly described in animals, however, limited information of amino acid catabolism is available in plants. Hildebrandt et al. summarized the catabolic pathways of amino acids in land plants. Generally, amino acids are catabolized by oxidative deamination, oxidative decarboxylation, and transamination. These reactions are catalyzed by amino acid dehydrolases, decarboxylases and aminotransferases, respectively. Gln, Asn and Arg are also hydrolyzed by asparaginase, glutaminase, and arginase to release amide groups 16 .The accumulation of free amino acids is resultant of biosynthesis and catabolism. Previous studies showed that feedback inhibition loops control amino acid biosynthesis in plants 17 . Here, the accumulation of an amino acid inhibits the transcription or the activities of the enzymes in its biosynthesis pathway [18][19][20] . Expression of feedback-insensitive form of enzymes resulted in higher levels of the corresponding amino acids 17,21 . The central role of amino acid catabolism is to adjust the amino acid pool size, especially under stress conditions 12 . Some regulatory enzymes in amino acid metabolism have been ident...

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Plant‐Derived l‐Theanine for Ultraviolet/Ozone Resistant Perovskite Photovoltaics

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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carbon emission energy is an urgent issue for all countries in the century. Solar energy is the cleanest, safest, and most reliable energy in cognition. Perovskite photovoltaic technology has become a rising candidate in the photovoltaic field with its rapidly improved efficiency, simple preparation process, and low cost.Perovskite-based photovoltaic devices with great operation performance are inseparable from perovskite absorber materials with excellent performance, including a wide tolerance factor and adjustable optical band gap. [1][2][3][4][5] Currently, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been reported to have a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 25.7%. [6] However, because of the hybrid combination of organic and inorganic, there are weak van der Waals forces, [7] sufficient ion migration space, and loose ion bonds in the coordination of perovskite structure. These factors will lead to the abnormal distortion of perovskite lattice and even the change of components, resulting in various defects, such as Pb and I vacancies, and PbI mutual antisite substitution. [8][9][10] These defects act as carrier traps around the grain boundary and surface of perovskite films, play the part of nonradiative recombination centers, quench photogenerated carriers, and As the efficiency of perovskite solar cell has skyrocketed to as high as 25.7%, their stability has become the biggest obstacle to commercialization. Preliminary analyses suggest that additive engineering may be effective in improving both solar cell efficiency and its stability. Herein, the plant-derived natural green additive of l-Theanine (Thea) is selected to improve the crystal quality of the perovskite absorber and obtain high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O 3 ) resistance. The characterization results reveal that the CO group in Thea can effectively inhibit the precipitation of metal Pb 0 , passivate undercoordinated Pb 2+ ions, and promote the nucleation and crystallization of perovskite. In addition, the combination of the NH group and I − in the form of a hydrogen bond cooperatively reduce the probability of nonradiative recombination of photogenerated carriers and effectively improves the extraction ability of carriers from perovskite absorber. With the cooperation of CO and NH 2 groups in Thea, the champion efficiency is improved from 22.29% in the control device to 24.58%. More importantly, Thea significantly alleviates the perovskite phase transition and film decomposition induced by UV/O 3 treatment. The study provides exploratory research for the application of plant-derived green additives in the UV/O 3 resistance field of perovskite photovoltaics.

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Theanine transporters identified in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

Cited by 110 publications

References 55 publications

Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Nitrogen-Regulated Genes in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) and Characterization of Amino Acid Transporter CsCAT9.1

Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Nitrogen-Regulated Genes in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) and Characterization of Amino Acid Transporter CsCAT9.1

Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.)

Plant‐Derived l‐Theanine for Ultraviolet/Ozone Resistant Perovskite Photovoltaics

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