Shakespeare wrote in the shadow of war. His plays deal with the historical conflicts of medieval England and ancient Rome but they were written during the French Wars of Religion, the Anglo-Spanish War, the Nine Years War in Ireland and other significant pan-European conflicts. 1 In death, Shakespeare has only become more tightly entangled with the history of international conflict. Michael Dobson has argued that the Seven Years War helped accelerate the elevation of Shakespeare to the status of national icon. 2 Sarah Valladares has shown how the early-nineteenth-century Peninsular War provided the backdrop to the Covent Garden productions of J.P. Kemble, and the Shakespeare lectures of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 3 Douglas Lanier has written about the commemoration of the tercentenary of Shakespeare's birth in the American Civil War, Ton Hoensalaars about the reception of Shakespeare in World War I-era France, and Jésus Tronch about how Hamlet came to represent the sense of ineffectuality and irresolution experienced during the Spanish Civil 1 On Shakespeare and the French Wars of Religion, see Gillian Woods, Shakespeare's