Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Lipoprotein-associated inflammatory proteins: markers or mediators of cardiovascular disease?

Chait, Alan; Oram, John F.; Heinecke, Jay W.

doi:10.1194/jlr.r400017-jlr200

Cited by 209 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…In cases of low HDL status, SAA is carried by the other apolipoproteins 19-21. SAA may comprise up to 80% of HDL during inflammation, which results in deterioration of the anti-atherogenic properties of HDL 19-21. Ogasawara et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, amyloid-associated protein and N-terminal proBNP levels do not predict reversible myocardial ischaemia

Başkurt¹,

Aktürk²,

Keskin³

et al. 2011

CardioVascular Journal of Africa

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AimThe aim of this study was to detect any relationship between serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA) and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, and reversible myocardial ischaemia during cardiovascular exercise tests and to determine whether these biomarkers could predict transient myocardial ischaemia.MethodsNinety-six patients (36 women, 60 men, mean age 57 ± 8.5 years) were included in the study. Venous blood samples were taken from patients before and 15 minutes after exercise testing. SAA and hs-CRP were analysed using immunonephelometric assays (Dade-Behring, BN II, Marburg, Germany). NT-proBNP (pg/ml) was determined using the immulite 1 000 chemiluminescence immunoassay system (Siemens Medical Solution Diagnostics, Deerfiled, USA). Forty-eight patients (18 women, 30 men) with positive exercise tests were allocated to the exercise-positive group and 48 (18 women, 30 men) with negative exercise tests were put in the exercise-negative group. Coronary angiography was performed on all patients in the exercise-positive group.ResultsThere was no difference between the levels of hs-CRP, SAA and NT-pro-BNP before and after exercise testing in both of the exercise groups.ConclusionSerum levels of hs-CRP, SAA and NT-proBNP could not predict the occurrence of reversible myocardial ischaemia during exercise. Large-scale clinical studies are needed to clarify the status of hs-CRP, SAA and NT-proBNP with exercise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, amyloid-associated protein and N-terminal proBNP levels do not predict reversible myocardial ischaemia

Başkurt¹,

Aktürk²,

Keskin³

et al. 2011

CardioVascular Journal of Africa

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“…Potential pro-atherogenic functions include induction of expression of matrix metalloproteinases, chemotaxis of monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and T lymphocytes, cholesterol delivery to peripheral tissues, and binding to proteoglycans in the vasculature, causing retention of HDL (1). Alternatively, the SAA 2.1 isoform promotes cholesterol export from cholesterolladen macrophages (38,39), and peptides corresponding to the mouse SAA 2.1 isoform were demonstrated to be atheroprotective in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During inflammation, there are large changes in liver-derived plasma levels of the acute phase isoforms, SAA 1 and SAA 2 (6,7). The other acute phase isoform, SAA 3 , is extrahepatically inducible (8), and although the locus equivalent to SAA 3 was previously believed to be a pseudogene in humans, Larson and co-workers (9) demonstrated its expression by mammary gland epithelial cells.…”

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confidence: 99%

Secretory Phospholipase A2, Group IIA Is a Novel Serum Amyloid A Target Gene

Sullivan

Seidl

Rich

et al. 2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial vascular disease characterized by formation of inflammatory lesions. Elevated circulating acute phase proteins indicate disease risk. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is one such marker but its function remains unclear. To determine the role of SAA on aortic smooth muscle cell gene expression, a preliminary screen of a number of genes was performed and a strong up-regulation of expression of secretory phospholipase A 2 , group IIA (sPLA 2 ) was identified. The SAAinduced increase in sPLA 2 was validated by real time PCR, Western blot analysis, and enzyme activity assays. Demonstrating that SAA increased expression of sPLA 2 heteronuclear RNA and that inhibiting transcription eliminated the effect of SAA on sPLA 2 mRNA suggested that the increase was transcriptional. Transient transfections and electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified CAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) and nuclear factor B (NFB) as key regulatory sites mediating the induction of sPLA 2 . Moreover, SAA activated the inhibitor of NF-B kinase (IKK) in cultured smooth muscle cells. Previous reports showed that interleukin (IL)-1␤ up-regulates Pla2g2a gene transcription via C/EBP␤ and NFB. Interestingly, SAA activated smooth muscle cell IL-1␤ mRNA expression, however, blocking IL-1 receptors had no effect on SAA-mediated activation of sPLA 2 expression. Thus, the observed changes in sPLA 2 expression were not secondary to SAA-induced IL-1 receptor activation. The association of SAA with high density lipoprotein abrogated the SAA-induced increase in sPLA 2 expression. These data suggest that during atherogenesis, SAA can amplify the involvement of smooth muscle cells in vascular inflammation and that this can lead to deposition of sPLA 2 and subsequent local changes in lipid homeostasis.Elevated circulating acute phase proteins correlate with an increased risk for atherosclerosis (1-4). One such disease indicator is serum amyloid A (SAA) 2 (5). The SAA protein family consists of 12-14-kDa constitutive (SAA 4 ) and acute phase (SAA 1 , SAA 2 , and SAA 3 ) isoforms. During inflammation, there are large changes in liver-derived plasma levels of the acute phase isoforms, SAA 1 and SAA 2 (6, 7). The other acute phase isoform, SAA 3 , is extrahepatically inducible (8), and although the locus equivalent to SAA 3 was previously believed to be a pseudogene in humans, Larson and co-workers (9) demonstrated its expression by mammary gland epithelial cells. Proinflammatory stimuli induce SAA expression in liver; optimal expression is achieved with a combination of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 (10, 11). Extrahepatic synthesis of SAA by synovial fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, and smooth muscle cells has been documented (12-15). SAA is also expressed in atherosclerotic lesions (13,16,17). Although several roles have been suggested, the functions of SAA remain uncertain (7). Our laboratory demonstrated that in response to IL-1␣, cultured aortic smooth muscle cells synthesize SAA (18) leading to the hypothesis that during ather...

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“…In addition, secretory phospholipase A 2 (sPLA 2 group IIA), which is both a mediator and a marker of cardiovascular disease (Chait et al 2005), is inhibited by flavonoids such as quercetin (Lindahl and Tagesson 1993) and rutin (Lindahl and Tagesson 1997). Rutin and other polyphenols were able to attenuate endotoxin-induced airway contraction in isolated rat lungs (Nosratabadi et al 2003).…”

Section: Tohoku University Medical Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating Buckwheat Cookies Is Associated with the Reduction in Serum Levels of Myeloperoxidase and Cholesterol: A Double Blind Crossover Study in Day-Care Centre Staffs

Wieslander

Fabjan

Vogrincic

et al. 2011

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Buckwheat food is a good source of antioxidants, e.g. rutin, and other beneficial substances. Here we investigated the effects of the intake of common buckwheat (low rutin content) and tartary buckwheat cookies (high rutin content) on selected clinical markers. A double blind crossover study was performed among female day-care centre staffs (N = 62) from five day-care centres. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group initially consumed four common buckwheat cookies per day (16.5 mg rutin equivalents/day) for two weeks, while the second group consumed four tartary buckwheat cookies per day (359.7 mg rutin equivalents/day). Then the groups switched their type of cookies and consumed them for another two weeks. We monitored selected clinical markers related to cardiovascular disease and lower airway inflammation, lung function, and subjective breathing difficulties in the staffs. Intake of tartary buckwheat cookies reduced the serum level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by a factor 0.84 ( p = 0.02). When grouping the two types of buckwheat cookies together, there was a reduction of total serum cholesterol ( p < 0.001) and HDL-cholesterol ( p < 0.001) during the study period, with improved lung vital capacity ( p < 0.001). The degree of reduction in total and HDL cholesterol levels was similar in staffs with low and high body mass index (cut off 25). In conclusion, intake of tartary buckwheat cookies with high level of the antioxidant rutin may reduce levels of MPO, an indicator of inflammation. Moreover, intake of both types of buckwheat cookies may lower cholesterol levels.Keywords: antioxidant experiment; buckwheat; cholesterol; inflammation; lung function Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 2011, 225 (2), 123-130. © Tohoku University Medical PressThere is an increased interest in the beneficial health effects of dietary antioxidants intake, because they can help to prevent different types of diseases. Buckwheat is a good source of antioxidants, biologically high-valued amino acids (Krkoškova and Mrazova 2005;Jiang et al. 2007), dietary fiber (Bonafaccia et al. 2003), and minerals such as zinc, copper and manganese (Ikeda and Yamashita 1994). In Shanxi province, China, both common (Fagopyrum esculentum) and tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum) buckwheats are used to improve the health of patients with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (Wieslander et al. 2000). A previous experimental buckwheat study concluded that intake of common buckwheat leaf tea could prevent further development of leg edema (Ihme et al. 1996), and a study by He et al. (1995) showed a cholesterol-lowering effect of buckwheat. However, there are very few studies on the health effects of buckwheat, especially buckwheat products in humans. Japanese studies indicate that some of the beneficial effects of buckwheat may be related to the low digestibility of buckwheat (Ikeda and Yamashita 1994). Skrabanja et al. (2001) reported beneficial effects of starch in common buckwheat with respect to insulin response. Buckwheat is also a good source of r...

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Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Lipoprotein-associated inflammatory proteins: markers or mediators of cardiovascular disease?

Cited by 209 publications

References 226 publications

Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, amyloid-associated protein and N-terminal proBNP levels do not predict reversible myocardial ischaemia

Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, amyloid-associated protein and N-terminal proBNP levels do not predict reversible myocardial ischaemia

Secretory Phospholipase A2, Group IIA Is a Novel Serum Amyloid A Target Gene

Eating Buckwheat Cookies Is Associated with the Reduction in Serum Levels of Myeloperoxidase and Cholesterol: A Double Blind Crossover Study in Day-Care Centre Staffs

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