Due to their physical properties including high thermal
stability,
very low vapor pressure, and high microwave absorption, ionic liquids
have attracted great attention as solvents for the synthesis of nanomaterials,
being considered as greener alternatives to traditional solvents.
While usual solvents often need additives like surfactants, polymers,
or other ligands to avoid nanoparticle coalescence, some ionic liquids
can stabilize nanoparticles in dispersion without any additive. In
order to quantify how the ionic liquids can affect both the aggregation
thermodynamics and kinetics, molecular dynamics simulations were performed
to simulate the evolution of concentrated dispersions and to compute
the potential of mean force between nanoparticles of both hydrophilic
and hydrophobic natures in two imidazolium-based ionic liquids, which
differ from each other by the length of the cation alkyl group. Depending
on the nature of the nanoparticle, structured layers of the polar
and apolar regions of the ionic liquid can be formed close to its
surface, and those layers lead to activation barriers for dispersed
particles to get in contact. If the alkyl group of the ionic liquid
is long enough to lead to domain segregation between the ionic and
apolar portions of the solvent, the layered structure around the particle
becomes more structured and propagates several nanometers away from
its surface. This leads to stronger barriers close to the contact
and also multiple barriers at larger distances that result from the
unfavorable superposition of solvent layers of opposing nature when
the nanoparticles approach each other. Those long-range solvent-mediated
forces not only provide kinetic stability to dispersions but also
affect their dynamics and lead to a long-range ordering between dispersed
particles that can be explored as a template for the synthesis of
complex materials.