One of the key factors in manufacturing products by fused deposition molding (FDM) or layer-by-layer printing technology is the material intensity of the product. The task of reducing the amount of material required to manufacture a product without significant loss of mechanical properties is one of the most practically important technological tasks. Material saving in FDM printing of products allows to reduce financial costs and increase the speed of manufacturing of the final product without reducing (or not significantly reducing) the quality properties of the product. In our work it is demonstrated that using Combs filling type and materials of poly lactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) it is possible to achieve material savings of up to 23% at 50% filling for PLA and 17% at 75% filling for PETG without significant reduction of product strength in comparison with other filling types. Exceptions are PLA samples with 100% fill and Lateral fill. Application of Kruskal-Wallis criterion and Dunn’s criterion with Bonferroni multiple comparison correction showed that there were no statistically significant differences within the strength limits of samples made by FDM printing technology from PLA and PETG plastics (p-value = 0.0514), as well as samples with Triangle and Grid filling type (p-value = 1). Based on this result, three groups of samples statistically significantly differing in ultimate strength were identified by methods of hierarchical cluster analysis; in each group (except for group 1, which included samples made of PLA plastic with Lateral filling type and 100% filling), correlation analysis was performed (Spearman correlation was used). The results of the correlation analysis showed a stable average correlation between the percentage of filling, modulus along the secant 0.05–0.2% strain, ultimate strength and strain corresponding to the yield stress. Analysis of the correlation graph showed that the main parameter correlating with all mechanical properties of the specimen is the 0.05–0.2% strain modulus. Based on this conclusion, robust regression equations predicting the 0.05–0.2% strain modulus as a function of the percentage of specimen filling were constructed for the two selected groups. Analysis of the equations showed that in the third group of specimens, the average modulus of 0.05–0.2% strain is more than twice the modulus of 0.05–0.2% strain in the second group. The detected statistical regularities can be explained by the mechanism of strain hardening, the actual value of which depends on the structure of the macrodefect (type of filling), properties and volume of the material (percentage of filling) used in the fabrication of samples using FDM printing technology.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-024-79213-5.
