2019
DOI: 10.3390/en12081426
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Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of Freezing Risk During LNG Evaporation Process

Abstract: The liquid natural gas (LNG) boiling process concerns most LNG applications due to a need for regasification. Depending on the pressure, the equilibrium temperature of LNG is 112–160 K. The low boiling temperature of LNG makes the vaporization process challenging because of a large temperature difference between the heating medium and LNG. A significant risk included in the regasification process is related to the possibility of solid phase formation (freezing of the heating fluid). A solid phase formation can… Show more

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Cited by 16 publications
(14 citation statements)
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“…The low temperature of a phase change can be a source of useful cold energy, but its utilization comes with operational and safety hazards, such as the freezing of the heating agent, cryogenic pollution and frostbite risk [63]. The freezing of the heating agent is often identified as the main risk of the LNG regasification process [64]. In stationary applications, LNG is vaporized using Open Rack Vaporizers [63,[65][66][67], Submerged Combustion Vaporizers [68,69] and Intermediate Fluid Vaporizers [70].…”
Section: Lng Regasification and Chosen Challenges Of Lng Two-phase Heat Exchangersmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The low temperature of a phase change can be a source of useful cold energy, but its utilization comes with operational and safety hazards, such as the freezing of the heating agent, cryogenic pollution and frostbite risk [63]. The freezing of the heating agent is often identified as the main risk of the LNG regasification process [64]. In stationary applications, LNG is vaporized using Open Rack Vaporizers [63,[65][66][67], Submerged Combustion Vaporizers [68,69] and Intermediate Fluid Vaporizers [70].…”
Section: Lng Regasification and Chosen Challenges Of Lng Two-phase Heat Exchangersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, mobile applications not only have specific requirements, but they also present the design of regasification systems with certain opportunities. On the one hand, reliable, volume-and mass-effective design is expected; on the other hand, it is possible to couple the vaporizer with the engine cooling system in LNG-fueled vehicles [62,[74][75][76][77], which can significantly reduce the freezing risk [64] and permits the application of direct water [62,74,75,77] or indirect water-glycol [18,37] heated vaporizers. However, in the case of marine applications, there are also other common heat sources, such as sea water [18].…”
Section: Lng Regasification and Chosen Challenges Of Lng Two-phase Heat Exchangersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite the intense research on renewable resources, it is projected that 76% of energy needs will be met by fossil fuels until 2040 [2]. Among conventional energy resources (i.e., gas, oil, and coal), Natural Gas (NG) has become essential because of its low Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and increased thermal efficiency [3]. NG is the cleanest fuel with least contribution to climate change and air pollution [4,5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Mylavarapu et al [7] investigated both numerically and experimentally the straight channel PCHE. The experimental heat transfer and pressure drop data were compared with the available as a working fluid to eliminate the risk of freezing [24] and the cold channel with the supercritical LNG single banked in the cross-flow arrangement. The investigated structures of the cold channel were zigzag, zigzag with an inserted straight channel, and zigzag channel with radian.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This study numerically investigated the thermal hydraulic performance of LNG in three different geometries of the cold channel in a cross flow PCHE. Figure 1a shows the straight hot channel with R22 as a working fluid to eliminate the risk of freezing [24] and the cold channel with the supercritical LNG single banked in the cross-flow arrangement. The investigated structures of the cold channel were zigzag, zigzag with an inserted straight channel, and zigzag channel with radian.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%