Theoretical developments in leisure studies: A look at perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation

Webb, Evan; Karlis, George

doi:10.1080/07053436.2017.1328790

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The TB was originally an instrument designed to record activities carried out at a given time ( Andorka, 1987 ; Codina, 1999 , 2004 ; Steinbach, 2006 ). Its introduction in leisure studies counted on the essential contribution of Neulinger (1986) , who incorporated the evaluation of activities attending to psychological variables such as perceptions of freedom, satisfaction and intrinsic motivation, basic to the understanding of the leisure experience ( Codina et al, 2016 ; Kleiber et al, 2017 ; Webb and Karlis, 2017 ). The TB used here – Theatrical Time Budget or T-TB – recorded the activities carried out during the three days of the workshop, specifying two valuations of them: participants’ perceptions of freedom and satisfaction (ranging from 0 to 100, from “not at all by choice/not at all satisfied” to “totally by choice/totally satisfied”) in each workshop activity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theatrical Performance as Leisure Experience: Its Role in the Development of the Self

2020

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Theater has been used in psychological intervention and as a metaphor for social life, tendencies that affect the self, highlighting how influential theatrical performance can be for individuals. Their limitations-in terms of the empowerment of the self and its authenticity, respectively-can be overcome by treating theatrical performance as a leisure experience, which considers that freedom and satisfaction play a central role in a more comprehensive understanding and development of the self. With this in mind, we present the conceptual and empirical bases of the leisure experience as an alternative conception of theatrical performance. To do so, we organized a 20 h theater exercise workshop with 16 university students (15 women, one man), aged between 18 and 21 years old (M = 19.06 years; SD = 1.06). The instruments used were: the Time Budget Technique (questionnaire about the activities carried out in the workshop, valued in relation to two items: perceptions of freedom and satisfaction); the Twenty-Statement Test (where people list characteristics of themselves-self-descriptionsrelated in this case to the theatrical exercises); and, as a third instrument, a combination of the other two-specifying which exercises were more closely related to the selfdescriptions. The results showed that group discussion was the activity with the highest perception of freedom, followed by obstacle exercises; as regards the perception of satisfaction, the highest value was observed in the relaxations. In the case of the selfdescriptions, the acquisition of practical and intellectual skills was significant, as well as emotional outlook and the expression of self-esteem. In sum, this empirical supportusing instruments that invite an exploration of the self-revealed, on the one hand, which specific characteristics of the self are manifested by doing theatrical exercises and, on the other hand, which exercises-when experienced as leisure-have a more decisive impact on the self. Thus, this paper shows what aspects must be taken into account when deciding which activities to include in a psychosocial intervention addressed to the development of the self from the standpoint of theatrical performance as a leisure activity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theatrical Performance as Leisure Experience: Its Role in the Development of the Self

2020

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“…Recently, changes experienced in science and technology lead to an increase individuals' leisure time [1,2]. This increase, which occurred as a result of the changes [3,4], has positively affected the life quality of individuals along with the use of leisure time [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gurbuz and Henderson [13] associated leisure with individuals' perceptions of this time. 'How leisure is perceived' and 'how it emerged' depends on the basic conditions that lead to this time, like perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation [2]. During leisure, we experience positive emotions, like joy, self-expression, sense of identity, intrinsic motivation and perceived freedom associated with them [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The investigation of the relationship between perceived freedom and brief resilience: The role of participation in physical activity

Taskiran

Gürbüz

2021

BJHPA

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Background: This study was designed to examine the relationship between perceived freedom in leisure and psychological resilience of university staff. Material and Methods: The sample group of the study was composed of 189 academic and 81 administrative university staff (Mage=36.11±7.34). Participants were assessed based on the “Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale (T-PFLS)” and the “Brief Resilience Scale (T-BRS)”. ANOVA, independent samples t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Results: T-test analysis indicated that there was no significant difference between the mean scores of “T-PFLS”; however, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of “T-BRS” with regard to gender. The male participants’ mean scores were higher than those of the female participants. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences in “T-PFLS” and “T-BRS” mean scores with respect to the position at the university. ANOVA analysis indicated statistically significant differences in mean scores of “T-PFLS” and “T-BRS” with respect to leisure participation preference. The mean scores of frequent participants were higher than the others in both of the scales. There was a statistically significant positive and moderate correlation between the mean scores of “T-PFLS” and “T-BRS” scores. Conclusion: As a result, active participants reported higher perceived freedom and psychological resilience scores.

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“…Neulinger's [12] paradigm is among the first to conceptualize leisure as a psychological experience that uses perceived freedom-constraints and intrinsic-extrinsic motivation as the main constructs that define it. Paradigms are "pure-leisure" (freely engaged and done for their own sake), "leisure-work" (freely engaged but providing satisfaction only in terms of its results or returns), "pure work" (obstructed but purely internal provides rewards) and "pure job" (satisfaction occurs only through results or returns, while under constraints) [13]. Neulinger [12,13] has evaluated the first two categories, which are characterized by the basic criterion of perceived freedom, as possible situations in which leisure occurs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paradigms are "pure-leisure" (freely engaged and done for their own sake), "leisure-work" (freely engaged but providing satisfaction only in terms of its results or returns), "pure work" (obstructed but purely internal provides rewards) and "pure job" (satisfaction occurs only through results or returns, while under constraints) [13]. Neulinger [12,13] has evaluated the first two categories, which are characterized by the basic criterion of perceived freedom, as possible situations in which leisure occurs. In this context, perceived freedom in leisure is explained as a cognitive motivational structure that includes individuals' perceptions about leisure activities related to their choices [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between perceived freedom, leisure involvement, and happiness of individuals participating in physical activities

Serdar¹,

Demirel²

2021

BJHPA

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Background: ‪‪This study is aimed to determine the relationship between the perceived freedom, involvement and happiness of individuals participating in physical activities. Material and Methods: ‪The sample of the study consisted of 523 members. The Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale, the Leisure Involvement Scale and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short Form were used as data collection tools. In analysing the data, independent t-test, ANOVA, MANOVA and Pearson Correlation analysis were used. Results: ‪‪Independent t-Test results determined a significant difference between OHQ-SF scores according to the participants’ gender. MANOVA analysis result showed that the main effect of the gender variable on the sub-dimensions of LIS was significant, and there was a difference in all sub-dimensions. The main effect of marital status on the sub-dimensions of LIS was significant, while there was a positive and low-level relationship between age and OHQ-SF. Conclusions: ‪The levels of OHQ-SF, PFLS-25 and LIS differ depending on the individuals’ socio-demographic characteristics. Moreover, there was a positive and low level of relationship between OHQ-SF and PFLS-25 and LIS, and a positive and low level of correlation between PFLS-25.

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Theoretical developments in leisure studies: A look at perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation

Cited by 9 publications

References 54 publications

Theatrical Performance as Leisure Experience: Its Role in the Development of the Self

Theatrical Performance as Leisure Experience: Its Role in the Development of the Self

The investigation of the relationship between perceived freedom and brief resilience: The role of participation in physical activity

The relationship between perceived freedom, leisure involvement, and happiness of individuals participating in physical activities

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