Theoretical Effect of Yield and Burst Height of Atmospheric Explosions on Rayleigh Wave Amplitudes

Harkrider, David G.; Newton, Carl A.; Flinn, Edward A.

doi:10.21236/ad0758225

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…For these reasons, we adopted the theoretical relations among the explosion height, Rayleigh‐wave magnitude, and explosion yield. Similar to the formula used herein to calculate the surface‐wave magnitude, the formula in Harkrider et al () uses variable‐period surface waves in the traditional format. Some disagreement between the surface‐wave magnitudes calculated by these two methods exists, but this disparity is not sufficient to affect the estimated yield significantly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, we can utilize certain simulation results as a reference. Harkrider et al () used several theoretical source models to compute Rayleigh‐wave magnitudes for high‐altitude explosions over Earth structures in both continental and oceanic regions. They concluded that surface‐wave magnitudes could be used to estimate the explosive yields of atmospheric events if and only if an independent estimate of the burst height was obtained.…”

Section: Estimating the Yield Of The Bolide Explosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They concluded that surface‐wave magnitudes could be used to estimate the explosive yields of atmospheric events if and only if an independent estimate of the burst height was obtained. With an independent estimate of the explosion height from NASA, we use theoretical relations of Harkrider et al () to estimate the Chelyabinsk bolide yield from the Rayleigh‐wave amplitudes.…”

Section: Estimating the Yield Of The Bolide Explosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on theoretical simulations (Harkrider et al, ), Figure illustrates the relationship of explosion yield versus height and Rayleigh‐wave magnitude for the continental area. The thin curves are for yields and black dots are calculated values.…”

Section: Estimating the Yield Of The Bolide Explosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seismic characteristics of the 15 February 2013 bolide explosion in Chelyabinsk, Russia

Wei

Zhao

Xie

et al. 2018

Earth and Planetary Physics

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The seismological characteristics of the 15 February 2013 Chelyabinsk bolide explosion are investigated based on seismograms recorded at 50 stations with epicentral distances ranging from 229 to 4324 km. By using 8–25 s vertical‐component Rayleigh waveforms, we obtain a surface‐wave magnitude of 4.17±0.31 for this event. According to the relationship among the Rayleigh‐wave magnitude, burst height and explosive yield, the explosion yield is estimated to be 686 kt. Using a single‐force source to fit the observed Rayleigh waveforms, we obtain a single force of 1.03×1012 N, which is equivalent to the impact from the shock wave generated by the bolide explosion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimating the Yield Of The Bolide Explosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimating the Yield Of The Bolide Explosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Estimating the Yield Of The Bolide Explosionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seismic characteristics of the 15 February 2013 bolide explosion in Chelyabinsk, Russia

Wei

Zhao

Xie

et al. 2018

Earth and Planetary Physics

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“…In this paper, we focus on the question of how much and what kind of seismic ground motions are generated by surface pressure changes. This question was historically studied extensively in the 1960s and 1970s (Ben‐Menahem & Vered, ; Donn & Ewing, ; Harkrider, ; Harkrider et al, ). It was initially important for monitoring nuclear tests because nuclear explosions were conducted in the atmosphere; fortunately, both the United States and the Soviet Union stopped such tests in the atmosphere in 1962.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐Frequency Seismic Noise Characteristics From the Analysis of Co‐Located Seismic and Pressure Data

Tanimoto

Wang

2018

JGR Solid Earth

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We analyze the characteristics of seismic noise generated by surface pressure changes, using co‐located seismic and pressure data from the USArray Transportable Array for the entire year of 2014. We compare pressure and seismic signals at frequencies of 0.01 and 0.02 Hz and model their main characteristics. At these frequencies, vertical and horizontal seismic noise can be explained by the formulas SZ = A * Sp + NZ and SH = B * Sp + NH, where SZ and SH are the power spectral densities of vertical and horizontal ground velocities (sum of two horizontal components), Sp is the power spectral density of pressure, and NZ and NH are constant terms. We first determine A and B from the high pressure range (Sp > 10 Pa2/Hz) in which NZ and NH are small. From A and B, we then determine the near‐surface rigidity and pressure wave speed. This rigidity is modified from true rigidity by a factor (λ + μ)/(λ + 2 μ); this factor is about 0.7 for typical crustal rocks but approaches 1 near the Earth's surface. To estimate true rigidity, empirical formulas that relate density and seismic velocities are needed. Once A and B are determined, NZ and NH are determined. NZ and rigidity of the subsurface determine a threshold pressure in vertical data. NH is generally small but at some stations it changes seasonally and creates separate branches in plots of pressure versus seismic velocity. This may explain why seismic‐noise reduction approaches using co‐located pressure data often fail to work for horizontal data but usually work well for vertical data.

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Acoustic resonant oscillations between the atmosphere and the solid earth during the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption

Watada¹,

Kanamori²

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Long-period harmonic Rayleigh waves were observed on seismometers during the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines. The amplitude spectrum of the Rayleigh waves shows two distinct peaks at periods of about 230 and 270 s. In the Earth's atmosphere, long-wavelength standing acoustic waves are bounded in a low-sound-velocity channel between the thermosphere and the ground. The Rayleigh waves and the fundamental and first overtone of atmospheric acoustic waves trapped in the low-sound-velocity channels have approximately the same horizontal wavelength and frequency at periods of 230 and 270 s, respectively, i.e., the atmosphere and the solid earth satisfy the condition for acoustic resonant oscillations. The standing atmospheric long-wavelength acoustic waves set off by the eruption selectively excited seismic spheroidal modes near the resonant period through acoustic resonant coupling and resulted in harmonic Rayleigh waves. In contrast, gravity waves and Lamb waves (atmospheric boundary waves) do not couple to the ground efficiently and are not easily observed as ground disturbance on seismograms during volcanic eruptions.Citation: Watada, S., and H. Kanamori (2010), Acoustic resonant oscillations between the atmosphere and the solid earth during the 1991 Mt.

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Theoretical Effect of Yield and Burst Height of Atmospheric Explosions on Rayleigh Wave Amplitudes

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Seismic characteristics of the 15 February 2013 bolide explosion in Chelyabinsk, Russia

Seismic characteristics of the 15 February 2013 bolide explosion in Chelyabinsk, Russia

Low‐Frequency Seismic Noise Characteristics From the Analysis of Co‐Located Seismic and Pressure Data

Acoustic resonant oscillations between the atmosphere and the solid earth during the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption

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