Theoretical investigation of diffusion along columns packed with fully and superficially porous particles

Rapid determination of parabens in seafood sauces by high-performance liquid chromatography: A practical comparison of core-shell particles and sub-2 μm fully porous particles

“…Therefore, the use of sub‐2 particles requires specialized HPLC system, typically capable of tolerating backpressure of up to 1000 bar. Another novel approach for achieving fast separation, is to use columns packed with core–shell particles . With a 1.7 μm solid silica inner core surrounded by a 0.5 μm porous silica shell, this type of material has a shortened diffusion path that allows for rapid mass transfer, and thus reduced axial dispersion and peak broadening.…”

Simultaneous determination and validation of emtricitabine, rilpivirine and tenofovir from biological samples using LC and CE methods

“…The advantage of using core–shell columns is their greater efficiency in high‐speed analysis without the generation of high back‐pressures, which is typical in UHPLC and requires special LC equipment and connections. The general consensus in the literature is that the positive characteristic of core–shell particles should be extremely beneficial and with future advancements even higher operational pressures will be reached, especially using sub‐2 μm columns in UHPLC instruments (Fanali, Rocchi, & Chankvetadze, ; Fekete, Fekete, & Ganzler, ; Gritti & Guiochon, , ; Gumustas et al, ; Gumustas, Coskun, & Ozkan, ). The best separation with the symmetrical peak shapes was performed using the Kinetex C 18 (150 × 4.6; 5 μm) column.…”

How changing the particle structure can speed up protein mass transfer kinetics in liquid chromatography

“…In this section, we report on the effective diffusion coefficient [24,25] of a non-retained compound in columns packed with particles of different structures (non-porous, superficially porous with one or two concentric porous shells, and fully porous). We also list The symbols and ˇ are the core-to-particle and internal layer-to-particle diameter ratios, respectively.…”

“…The effective diffusion coefficient can be predicted from the composition of the Torquato (binary mixture made of spherical particles immersed in a continuous matrix) or the Garnett (binary mixture made of spherical impermeable cores surrounded by a porous shell with self-similar inclusions down to infinitesimally small core-shell particles) diffusion models or from the simple time-averaged diffusion model [25,42]. The effective Garnett-Torquato diffusion model is written [24]:…”

“…The relative sample diffusivities in the internal and external porous layers are ˝i and e , respectively. The composite Garnett-Torquato model is then written [24]:…”