“…However, the PPP method was originally designed for the planar π‐electron system, neglecting all σ‐electrons, and it is difficult to apply to non‐planar systems, molecules containing hydrogen bonds, or to n‐π* transitions. To calculate such molecules, semi‐empirical methods, the ab initio method, and a method based on density functional theory (DFT), have been developed and various applications of these methods have been presented 8,9 . Semi‐empirical methods can only be applied to molecules containing elements that have been parameterised, while DFT methods are generally applicable (apart from technical considerations such as basis set availability).…”