Theoretical model for electron emission from the coating-layer on the ferroelectric disk

Wang, J.T.; Dawson, Wayne; Chinkhota, M.; Chen, T.P.

doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(97)00106-x

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…137 It was assumed that either a spontaneous polarization change ͑due to a pyroelectric effect, for instance͒ or the liberation of electrons from donor levels ͑or even from the valence band through the band gap of about 3.4 eV͒ was responsible for the electron emission. 136 Strong enhancement of the laser-induced electron emission and intense laser induced self-emission of electrons were demonstrated subsequently. 138,139 Both effects were induced by previous high voltage pulsing of PLZT samples.…”

Section: F Laser-induced Electron Emission From Ferroelectricsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The model briefly described previously 132 is the only quantitative description of strong electron emission from ferroelectrics available to date. Other models ͑mostly qualita-tive͒ of strong electron emission were proposed by Rosenman and Rez, 72 Ivanchik, 135 and Wang et al 136 Assuming strong electron emission to be of a solid state origin, one can expect a huge conductivity current flowing within the ferroelectric ͑dielectric͒ surface layer in order to provide the copious electron current into the vacuum. However, most of the ferroelectrics tested for emission properties are very good insulators with a typical electric conductivity within the range of (10 Ϫ14 -10 Ϫ10 ) ⍀ Ϫ1 cm Ϫ1 .…”

Section: Other Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electron emission from ferroelectrics

Rosenman

Shur

Krasik

et al. 2000

Journal of Applied Physics

312

199

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Electron emission from ferroelectrics ͑FEE͒ is an unconventional electron emission effect. Methods of FEE excitation are quite different compared to classic electron emission from solids. Two kinds of FEE have been observed, ''weak'' and ''strong.'' ''Weak'' electron emission ͑current density 10 Ϫ12-10 Ϫ7 A/cm 2 ͒ occurs from polar surfaces of ferroelectric materials in the ferroelectric phase only. A source of the electric field for ''weak'' FEE excitation is an uncompensated charge, generated by a deviation of macroscopic spontaneous polarization from its equilibrium state under a pyroelectric effect, piezoelectric effect, or polarization switching. The FEE is a tunneling emission current which screens uncompensated polarization charges. It is shown that the FEE is an effective tool for direct domain imaging and studies of electronic properties of ferroelectrics. ''Strong'' FEE, which is 10-12 orders of magnitude higher than ''weak'' FEE, achieves 100 A/cm 2 and is plasma-assisted electron emission. Two modes of the surface flashover plasma formation followed by strong electron emission have been studied. The plasma of ferroelectric origin has been observed only in the ferroelectric phase and it is induced by polarization switching or a field-enforced phase transition, such as antiferroelectric-ferroelectric or relaxor-ferroelectric. The second mode of plasma is conventional surface flashover which may be initiated by a high voltage application in any phase from any dielectric, including ferroelectrics. In this review paper we consider numerous experimental results, as well as mechanisms of both types of electron emission from ferroelectrics. The main stress is placed on the material aspect in order to clarify the influence of ferroelectricity ͑ferroelectric phase transitions, polarization switching, etc.͒ on electron emission. Another aspect which is broadly discussed is the potential applications of these unconventional FEE emitters in various devices for development of high density FEE cathodes for microwave devices, as well as FEE converters of IR irradiation into visible light, x-ray imaging, FEE flat panel displays, etc.

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Section: F Laser-induced Electron Emission From Ferroelectricsmentioning

confidence: 94%