Theoretical Models for Sport Participation: Literature Review

Abstract

Recent studies have analyzed theoretical models of sport participation. They claimed that sports activities relate to health and happiness and that there are various factors which determine sports participation, be it individual, sociological or psychological. Whilst some countries in Europe experienced an increase in sport activity over the past few decades, others saw a decline in the number of individuals who commit to physical activity. Several models have been constructed to explain and determine involvement in sports namely, 'The Beckerian Approach', 'The SLOTH framework' and 'Green's Model of Sport Development'. These models have unearthed specific important factors, which encourage people to take part in sports activities. These concerned age, gender, time constraints, income and level of education. In fact, findings has shown a positive and statistically significant relationship between age and frequency of sport participation and as age increased walking increased as well. Education plays an important role as well especially where adolescents are concerned. School was a key contributor to adolescents increased participation in physical activity and more specifically as they transitioned into secondary school. A successful example is that of Norway where a sport and physical recreation culture is deeply rooted in society and is supported by strategic socioeconomic circumstances, high standards of living, equality between genders, abundant sporting facilities, a school system that keenly promotes physical activity, a strong voluntary sports clubs sector and high levels of parental contribution. Recent research has also focused on the sociological and psychological factors which contribute to increased physical activity. Social networks and friends significantly impact one's decision to take part in sport, while the involvement of parents in sport affects sport frequency in a positive and significant way.

Socioecological Profile of Active Adults. Sport as a Whole-life Choice

“…Education correlates with SA positively -consistently with existing empirical results (Hoekman, Breedveld & Kraaykamp, 2016;Grima et al, 2017) -but only for men. Each year of education increases odds by 7%, while being able to use English language by 26%.…”

“…The analysis of the next layer's (microsystem) impact on respondents' SA shows that while in case of the marital status, the negative effect is clear and strong for men, number of children in the household has a negative impact only in case of women -this is in line with the literature (Grima et al, 2017;Downward, Lera-López & Rasciute, 2014). The odds of SA decrease for each child, showing the asymmetric impact of household chores (for older children/teenagers the effects were insignificant).…”

Leisure-Time Physical Activity Participation Trends 2014–2018: A Cross-Sectional Study in Poland

“…In general, younger generations are still more physically active than older ones [15,16]. However, during the last three decades, significant growth in participation in sport by older people has been noticed [9,16,17].…”

Modernization Potential Capacity of Great Reforms of Alexander Ii: Alcohol Reform of 1863

“…), railway construction, and banking. With huge wealth and incomparable experience in commercial transactions, they soon became successful entrepreneurs and made a significant contribution to the development of the Russian economy [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39].…”