Theoretical strength and rubber-like behaviour in micro-sized pyrolytic carbon

Zhang, Xuan; Zhong, Lei; Mateos, Arturo J.; Kudo, Akira; Vyatskikh, Andrey; Gao, Huajian; Greer, Julia R.; Li, Xiaoyan

doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0486-y

Cited by 95 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…6) and the highest reported value for nanoscale pyrolytic carbon 27 , respectively. Likewise, for the yield strength the applicable bound range is given by the minimum and maximum yield strengths measured from our micro-pillars, 2.2 GPa and 2.7 GPa, respectively, which are in good agreement with literature data on the tensile and compressive strength of nanoscale pyrolytic carbon 28,29 .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Plate-nanolattices at the theoretical limit of stiffness and strength

et al. 2020

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Though beam-based lattices have dominated mechanical metamaterials for the past two decades, low structural efficiency limits their performance to fractions of the Hashin-Shtrikman and Suquet upper bounds, i.e. the theoretical stiffness and strength limits of any isotropic cellular topology, respectively. While plate-based designs are predicted to reach the upper bounds, experimental verification has remained elusive due to significant manufacturing challenges. Here, we present a new class of nanolattices, constructed from closedcell plate-architectures. Carbon plate-nanolattices are fabricated via two-photon lithography and pyrolysis and shown to reach the Hashin-Shtrikman and Suquet upper bounds, via in situ mechanical compression, nano-computed tomography and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Demonstrating specific strengths surpassing those of bulk diamond and average performance improvements up to 639% over the best beam-nanolattices, this study provides detailed experimental evidence of plate architectures as a superior mechanical metamaterial topology.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Plate-nanolattices at the theoretical limit of stiffness and strength

et al. 2020

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“…The volume shrinks considerably during the pyrolysis step and is in the order of 90%. According to the PyC preparation method, fracture strength and strain can vary widely, as shown in Figure 20 for two examples from Zhang et al [118] and Albiez et al [119]. Generally, the pillar diameter had an influence on ductility and fracture performance; smaller diameter pillars contained less volume defects, which made them tougher, showing higher fracture strength at high strains.…”

Section: Yield and Fracture Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, the pillar diameter had an influence on ductility and fracture performance; smaller diameter pillars contained less volume defects, which made them tougher, showing higher fracture strength at high strains. The PyC pillars from Zhang et al [118] are the most ductile and strong material reported so far, which withstand 40% compressive strain without catastrophic failure (although cracks start to form). Wheeler et al [120] showed that diamond pillars have elastic behavior until catastrophic fracture; however, their fracture strength of 127 GPa and 250 GPa for <100> and <111> orientation, respectively, is not shown on the scale of Figure 20.…”

Section: Yield and Fracture Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Obviously, there is still a large parameter space toward diamond awaiting to be explored for FEBID and FIBID metal-carbon material in the context of fracture strength and toughness. [120], pyrolytic graphite (PyC) [118,119], nanocrystalline nickel (nc-NI) [122], nanocrystalline gold (nc-Au) [121], FEBID Au-C pillar (this work), and an FIB carbon cube of amorphous hydrogenated carbon [41]. The crosses signify the appearance of cracks or catastrophic fracture.…”

Section: Yield and Fracture Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical Properties of 3D Nanostructures Obtained by Focused Electron/Ion Beam-Induced Deposition: A Review

et al. 2020

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This article reviews the state-of-the -art of mechanical material properties and measurement methods of nanostructures obtained by two nanoscale additive manufacturing methods: gas-assisted focused electron and focused ion beam-induced deposition using volatile organic and organometallic precursors. Gas-assisted focused electron and ion beam-induced deposition-based additive manufacturing technologies enable the direct-write fabrication of complex 3D nanostructures with feature dimensions below 50 nm, pore-free and nanometer-smooth high-fidelity surfaces, and an increasing flexibility in choice of materials via novel precursors. We discuss the principles, possibilities, and literature proven examples related to the mechanical properties of such 3D nanoobjects. Most materials fabricated via these approaches reveal a metal matrix composition with metallic nanograins embedded in a carbonaceous matrix. By that, specific material functionalities, such as magnetic, electrical, or optical can be largely independently tuned with respect to mechanical properties governed mostly by the matrix. The carbonaceous matrix can be precisely tuned via electron and/or ion beam irradiation with respect to the carbon network, carbon hybridization, and volatile element content and thus take mechanical properties ranging from polymeric-like over amorphous-like toward diamond-like behavior. Such metal matrix nanostructures open up entirely new applications, which exploit their full potential in combination with the unique 3D additive manufacturing capabilities at the nanoscale.

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“…Due to the existence of defects and imperfections, the actual strengths of bulk materials are usually several orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical strengths. With advances in nanotechnology, the “smaller is stronger” characteristic has been observed in several classes of materials, such as metals, ceramics, and carbon‐based materials . For brittle materials, the strength for cleavage fracture is given by

σ_{normalf} = Y \frac{K_{IC}}{\sqrt{π a_{normalc}}}

where a c is the minimum characteristic size of defects (e.g., flaws, voids, and cracks), Y is a dimensionless parameter, and K IC is the fracture toughness.…”

Section: Mechanical Behaviors and Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Fabrication, and Mechanics of 3D Micro‐/Nanolattices

Zhang

Wang

Ding

et al. 2019

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Over the past several decades, lattice materials have been developed and used as engineering materials for lightweight and stiff industrial structures. Recent advances in additive manufacturing techniques have prompted the emergence of architected materials with minimum characteristic sizes ranging from several micrometers to hundreds of nanometers. Taking advantage of the topological design, structural optimization, and size effects of nanomaterials, various 3D micro‐/nanolattice materials composed of different materials exhibit combinations of superior mechanical properties, such as low density, high strength (even approaching the theoretical limits), large deformability, good recoverability, and flaw tolerance. As a result, some micro‐/nanolattices occupy an unprecedented area in Ashby charts with a combination of different material properties. Here, recent advances in the fabrication and mechanics of micro‐/nanolattices are described. First, various design principles and advanced techniques used for the fabrication of micro‐/nanolattices are summarized. Then, the mechanical behaviors and properties of micro‐/nanolattices are further described, including the compressive Young's modulus, strength, energy absorption, recoverability, and tensile behavior, with an emphasis on mechanistic insights and origins. Finally, the main challenges in the fabrication and mechanics of micro‐/nanolattices are addressed and an outlook for further investigations and potential applications of micro‐/nanolattices in the future is provided.

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Theoretical strength and rubber-like behaviour in micro-sized pyrolytic carbon

Cited by 95 publications

References 51 publications

Plate-nanolattices at the theoretical limit of stiffness and strength

Plate-nanolattices at the theoretical limit of stiffness and strength

Mechanical Properties of 3D Nanostructures Obtained by Focused Electron/Ion Beam-Induced Deposition: A Review

Design, Fabrication, and Mechanics of 3D Micro‐/Nanolattices

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