Results. Leishmanial lipid inhibited the release of tumor necrosis factor ␣, interleukin-1, and NO in the culture, decreased their cytosolic protein levels, and decreased NF-B p65 levels in SFMCs, in a dosedependent manner. It had the reverse effect on interleukin-10 levels. Leishmanial lipid-induced apoptosis involved the activation of caspase 3, caspase 9, and Bax, the release of cytochrome c, the alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, and the downregulation of Bcl-2.Conclusion. These results suggest that leishmanial lipid has strong antiinflammatory and apoptosisinducing effects on SFMCs from patients with RA, and that apoptosis occurs via the mitochondrial pathway.