“…These electrokinetic phenomena have various applications in geophysical exploration [e.g. Hu et al, 2000Hu et al, , 2002Dupuis et al, 2009;Sava and Revil, 2012;Guan et al, 2013Guan et al, , 2015Monetti et al, 2014;Zyserman et al, 2015], hydrogeophysics [e.g. Warden et al, 2013;Kröger et al, 2014;Ozaki et al, 2014;Rangarajan et al, 2014;Desroches and Butler, 2016] and earthquake warning [e.g.…”