Theories of pain: from specificity to gate control

Moayedi, Massieh; Davis, Karen D.

doi:10.1152/jn.00457.2012

Cited by 347 publications

(274 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…There are various major pain theories, including the intensity theory of pain, which postulates that any sensory stimulus with enough intensity can generate pain (2). The peripheral pattern theory suggests that pain is produced by intense stimulation of all skin fiber endings (3), which contradicts the specificity theory, which proposes that there are numerous types of sensory receptors, with each one responding to a specific type of stimuli (4). All of these theories propose that pain is induced by the hyperstimulation of sensory receptors; however, research has suggested that pain may be associated with other sensory stimuli, such as touch (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analgesic effects of Chinese Tuina massage in a rat model of pain

Jiang

Hao

Fang

et al. 2016

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Abstract. Previous clinical trials have suggested that theChinese Tuina massage may exert transient analgesic effects. However, further investigation regarding the underlying mechanism has been hindered by the lack of a suitable animal model of pain. The present study established a rat model of hind leg pain by injecting 5.8% hypertonic saline solution (HSS) into the left gastrocnemius muscle. The effects of various Tuina massages on the pain thresholds of the rats were then measured. In addition, the effects of ipsilateral and contralateral Tuina massages on C-fiber-evoked field potentials following electrical stimulation of the left sciatic nerve were determined. Alterations in the gastrocnemius muscle tissues following various Tuina applications were investigated using hematoxylin and eosin, and desmin staining, as well as malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase assays. Heavy hand pressure transiently reduced the pain sensitivity of both posterior limbs, despite HSS only being injected into the left hind leg. Tuina massage treatments that lasted for 15 min were associated with the best results and an absence of local tissue changes. The results of electrical sciatic nerve stimulation demonstrated that ipsilateral and contralateral Tuina massage may decrease the level of peripheral nociceptive C-fiber activity. In the present study, the Chinese Tuina massage exerted analgesic effects in a rat model of pain, which did not involve tissue damage, following a 15 min massage. Therefore, the rat model of pain used in the present study may provide a novel approach for investigating the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Tuina massage. IntroductionNociception is a sensory process that leads to pain triggered by nociceptors, which are primary sensory neurons that respond to thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli (1). There are various major pain theories, including the intensity theory of pain, which postulates that any sensory stimulus with enough intensity can generate pain (2). The peripheral pattern theory suggests that pain is produced by intense stimulation of all skin fiber endings (3), which contradicts the specificity theory, which proposes that there are numerous types of sensory receptors, with each one responding to a specific type of stimuli (4). All of these theories propose that pain is induced by the hyperstimulation of sensory receptors; however, research has suggested that pain may be associated with other sensory stimuli, such as touch (5).The Chinese Tuina massage is a traditional hand massage, which has previously been associated with pain relief. There are six main styles of physical Tuina therapy, including wobbling, rubbing, vibrating, squeezing, knocking and articular moving. Squeezing involves pressing, pinching, kneading, grasping and rubbing, and is commonly used in Tuina pain treatments (6). Constant softness and penetration under consistent intensities, frequencies and manipulation durations are applied to all styles of Tuina. Clinical practice h...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analgesic effects of Chinese Tuina massage in a rat model of pain

Jiang

Hao

Fang

et al. 2016

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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“…Therefore, stimulation by non-noxious input is able to suppress pain. This explains why pain perception is not felt by the patient during the procedure 20 .…”

Section: Discussion:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Agnikarma in Papillioma: A Case Report.

NeelamSajwanM¹,

India.²

2018

IJAR

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“…The authors describe the patch as a "potent agent for inducing placebo analgesia". It could be that instead of a placebo effect, the patch itself is acting as an analgesic on the basis of the Gate Theory, which can essentially be summarized as the fact that the Aβ fibers inhibit the Aδ and C fibers [20]; in the same way as considered in acupuncture, transcutaneous stimulation or even neuromuscular dressing or kinesiotape [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Efficacy of the Lidocaine Patch 5% in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain: Our Feedback

Hernández-Puiggròs¹,

Peláez²,

Morell³

et al. 2014

PST

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Objective: the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the lidocaine patch 5% in different types of neuropathic pain. Methods: a prospective, longitudinal, observational study on a sample of 16 patients who consulted for neuropathic pain. A lidocaine patch 5% was applied to the painful area and as primary endpoint, the severity of the pain was studied using the Verbal Numeric Rating Scale (VNRS). Secondary quality of life-related endpoints were sleep during the night, mood and patient global impression of the treatment. Results: demographic data: 62.5% female and 37.5% male; mean age 55.31 ± 13.9 years; time since onset of the pain 8.4 months; and classified into 4 diagnosis groups: post-herpetic neuralgia 18.8%; complex regional pain syndrome 25%; surgical wound 50%; and others 6.3%. There was a reduction of more than 2 points in pain on the VNRS (median 6.5 to 3.5; p = 0.001), an improvement in sleep during the night, mood and relief (p < 0.05), less use of analgesics, no complications and over 30% of subjects reported improvement of over 50%. Conclusions: The lidocaine patch 5% could be a useful tool for the control of neuropathic pain, not only for post-herpetic neuralgia, and it has a good safety and tolerability profile.

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Theories of pain: from specificity to gate control

Cited by 347 publications

References 51 publications

Analgesic effects of Chinese Tuina massage in a rat model of pain

Analgesic effects of Chinese Tuina massage in a rat model of pain

Agnikarma in Papillioma: A Case Report.

Analysis of the Efficacy of the Lidocaine Patch 5% in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain: Our Feedback

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