“…Feminists have argued that patriarchal gender norms, combined with other global structures such as capitalism, racism, and coloniality, play a role in causing, or at least normalizing and legitimizing, militarism and war (Reardon 1985;Cockburn 2010;Duriesmith 2017a). Based on this understanding, feminist scholars and activists have advocated for changing the content of what is considered to be masculine, and/or eradicating hierarchies of value between and among masculinities and femininities, as a means of undermining militarism and contributing to conflict prevention (e.g., Connell 2002;Otto 2006;Duncanson 2013;Wright 2014;WPP 2015), and propose various visions for an alternative, feminist approach to international politics based on equality, empathy, and solidarity (e.g., Tickner 1992, 127-144;Sylvester 1994;WILPF 2015;Aggestam, Bergman Rosamond, and Kronsell 2019). Not all of those who support increased attention to masculinities in WPS policies and activities hold an anti-militarist position, and I will go on to discuss other arguments that have been made; however, the central concern of this article is what governments' responses to this advocacy tell us about the potential for WPS policies to advance an anti-militarist agenda.…”